Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Assistant Professor, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran Univesity of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Throughout history, Iranians' livelihoods were contingent on agriculture and farming, and affluent landowners and lords were regarded as noble and high social strata. Existing historical and archaeological records and documents demonstrate agricultural heritage sites in Iran's cultural area. Some are related to farmsteads, which developed from the early Islamic ages to the twentieth century and were utilized for centuries as a means of subsistence and commerce. They had four ownership system types: endowment, lordship, court and regality, and in the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, part of them came under lordship ownership. This ownership type has resulted in physical and functional changes in historical farmsteads due to political, social, and economic changes in Iran during the 19th and 20th centuries, challenging their identity and authenticity.
The moot point of the research is the need for a deeper understanding of the relationship between lordly ownership and the life of Iranian farmsteads during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, and this article aims to introduce the influential elements using the interpretive approach and historical interpretive strategy. To this end, the Qazibala farmstead in Qom will be used as a healthy and comprehensive case study of an Iranian farmstead.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Afshar, H.A.KH. (2003). Travelogue of Lorestan and Khuzestan (H. Dalvand Ed.). Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies [In Persian].
- Afshar, I. (1995). Yazd monuments, The introduction of historic buildings and ancient monuments of Yazd city. Tehran: Association of Cultural Works and Honors [In Persian].
- Afzal Al-Molk, ḠOLĀM-ḤOSAYN. (1976). Booklet Detailing and States of Dar-ol-Iman-e Qom. Farhang-e Iran Zamin, (22), 67-150 [In Persian].
- Afzal Al-Molk, ḠOLĀM-ḤOSAYN. (1981). Khorasan and Kerman Travelogue. Tehran: Toos Publications [In Persian].
- AMĪN(-E) LAŠKAR, MĪRZĀ QAHRAMĀN. (1995). Khorasan Trip Newspaper together with Naser al-Din Shah. Tehran: Asatir Publications [In Persian].
- Azam Vaghefi, S.H. (1996). Natanz Cultural Heritage, Vol. 4. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publishing Company.
- Balaqi, A. (1990). Naeen’s History. Tehran: Tahoori Publications [In Persian].
- Bashiriyeh, H. (2014). Collapse of Absolutism. Mehrnameh, (38), 52 [In Persian].
- Beheshti, S.M., & Raie, H. (2016). Historic residential farms in Iran; From the beginning to the Safavid period. Athar, 37(74), 3-22 [In Persian].
- Brock, D.W.H., Heath, B.J., & Grissino-Mayer, H.D. (2017). Dendroarchaeology at the Tipton-Haynes State Historic Site: Contextualizing the landscape of an Upland South farmstead in East Tennessee, USA. Dendrochronologia, 43, 41- 49.
- Dehqannejad, M., & Sotudeh, M. (2010). Rulership of Lands in Isfahan During the Reign of Naser al-Din Shah (Conditional Conversion of State Lands into Feudal Lands). Quarterly Journal of Documents of Treasures, 3, 80-91 [In Persian].
- Document Center of the General Office of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Qom Province. (2019).
- Edward Pollack, J. (1982). Pollack's travelogue of Iran and the Iranians (K. Jahandari Trans.). Tehran: Kharazmi Publications [In Persian].
- Etemad-ol-Saltaneh, M.Ḥ.Kh. (1990). Meraa’t al-Baladan. Tehran: Tehran University Publications.
- Farmanfarma, A.H. (2004). Kerman and Baluchestan Travelogue Letter (I. Afshar Ed.). Tehran: Asatir Publications [In Persian].
- Floor, W.M. (2003). Agriculture in Qajar Iran (Sh. Gholami Trans.). Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publishing Company [In Persian].
- Foran, J. (1999). The Fragile Resistance of the History of Social Developments in Iran from Safavid to the Post- Revolutionary Years (A. Tadayon Trans.). Tehran: Rasa Cultural Services Institute [In Persian].
- Ford, B. (2008). The Presentation of Self in Rural Life: The Use of Space at a Connected Farmstead. Historical Archaeology, 42, 59-75.
- Habib Abadi, M.M. (1985). Makarem-al- Asar dar Ahval-e Rejal-e Dore-ye Qajar. Isfahan: Nafayes-e Makhtootat Publications [In Persian].
- Hekmat Yaghmayi, A. (1990). On the Shore of the Salt Desert. Tehran: Toos Publications.
- Hosseini-Yazdi, S. R. D. (1962). Jame al-Kheirat (I. Afshar and M. T. Daneshpajooh Ed.). Tehran: Farhang Iran Zamin Publications [In Persian].
- Interview with Haj Azim, Head of the Village Council. (2019).
- Interview with Mohammad Vafaei and access to the archives of the Vafaei Family. (2019).
- Jeyhani, H., & Omrani, A. (2014). Palace and Garden of Banū ʿOzma, Re-Identification of a Qajarid Garden in East of Isfahan.Athar Journal, 35(65), 33- 50 [In Persian].
- Joafshan Vishkaei, S. (2015). Identifying and writing a report on Iran's World Agricultural Heritage (Central Region). Tehran: Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, Research Institute for Planning Agricultural Economy and Rural Development [In Persian].
- Kalantar-Zarabi, A. (1999). History of Kashan (Iraj Afshar Ed.). Tehran: Amirkabir Publications [In Persian].
- Kristensen, A. (1995). The nation, the State, and the Court during the Sassanid Empire (M. Minavi Trans.). Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies.
- Lambton, A.K. (1966). Owner and Farmer in Iran (M. Amiri Trans.). Tehran: Book Translation and Publishing Company [In Persian].
- Lee, N.K. (2020). Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Land Ownership among Freed African American Farmers: The View from Ceramic Use at the Ransom and Sarah Williams Farmstead, Manchaca, Texas. Historical Archaeology, 54, 404– 423.
- MohammadMoradi, A., Salehi Kakhki, A, & Raie, H. (2017). An Inception on the Perception of the Inhabiting Farmsteads in Yazd. JRIA, 4(4), 1-21 [In Persian].
- Mortazavi Tabrizi, M. (2013). Migration of Villagers to Cities and its Economic and Political Effects during the Second Pahlavi Era. Islamic Revolution Documentary Center [In Persian].
- Mostowfi Bafqi, M.M. (1963). Jame-e Mofidi (I. Afshar Ed.). Tehran: Asadi Publications [In Persian].
- Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. (1975). Naser al-Din Shah Qajar's Travelogue of the Holy Shrines (I. Afshar Ed.). Tehran: Farhang-e Iran-Zamin publications [In Persian].
- Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. (1994). Shahriyar-e Jade-ha: Naser al-Din Shah Qajar's Travelogue of the Holy Shrines (M.R. Abbasi and P. Badiee Ed.). Tehran: The National Archives of Iran [In Persian].
- Nazari Dashli Burun, Z., Haji Ali Mohammadi, H., Rahoo, R., & Torabzadeh, A. (2005). Anthropology of Abianeh village. Tehran: Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization, Institute for Humanities Studies with cooperation of General Office of Cultural Affairs [In Persian].
- Ovasabtelni, M. (2008). Iranian garden: Reality and Fantasy. Golestan Art, 12, 16- 29 [In Persian].
- Pasandideh, M. (2015). Documents and Endowments of Historical Schools of Mashhad Seminary. Mashhad: Bonyad-e Pazhouhesh-haye Eslami [In Persian].
- Pigulevskaya, N. (1988). Iranian Cities during the Parthians and Sassanids (R. Enayatollah Trans.). Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi Publications [In Persian].
- Qazibala village Action Plan. (2008). Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation of Qom Province [In Persian].
- Raie, H. (2010). An Introduction to Farmstead Architecture in Iran.National Heritage Magazine, 1(4), 116-121 [In Persian].
- Raie, H. (2020). The System Forming the Architecture of the Historical Farmlands in the Central Plateau of Iran. Journal of Architecture in Hot and Dry Climate, 8(11), 49-76 [In Persian].
- Raie, H. (2021). Hidden capabilities in historical farmstead of Niasar. Journal of Iranian Architecture and Urbansim, 12(1), 157- 174 [In Persian].
- Raie, H. (2022). Investigating the Locality of Historical Farmsteads in the Geographical System of Iran.Indigenous Knowledge, 9(17), 221- 248 [In Persian].
- Raie, H. (2022). Typology of historic farmsteads in hot and dry climates Relying on its physical and functional characteristics. Journal of Architecture in Hot and Dry Climate, 9(14), 27-48 [In Persian].
- Raie, H., & Biglari, M. (2021). Construction of Dulatabad Farmstead in Qom, from the beginning to the end. Journal of Architecture in Hot and Dry Climate, 9(13), 59-77 [In Persian].
- Raie, H., & Kamrani, A. (2021). Study of the Characteristics of Historical Farmsteads in Iran. International Journal of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning, 31(4), 1-8 [In Persian].
- Rene D'Allemagne, H. (1999). From Khorasan to Bakhtiari (Gh. Saeedi Trans.). Tehran: Farhang-e Nashrenow [In Persian].
- Shafiei, M.R. (2001). Nahchir Castle; A legacy from the early Qajar.Culture of Isfahan, 20, 53- 59 [In Persian].
- Sheykh-al-Hokamayi, E. (2009).Architectural Documents of Iran. Tehran: Matn Institute of Authoring, Translating and Publishing Artistic Works [In Persian].
- Taleb, M., & Anbari, M. (2008). Rural sociology. Tehran: Tehran University Publications [In Persian].
- Tavangar Marvasti, M. (2015).Historical Castle and Villages of Herat and Marvast Region of Yazd provinc. Tehran: Sobhan Noor Publications [In Persian].
- Wilson, J. S. (1990). We’ve got thousands of these! What makes an historic farmstead significant?. Historical Archaeology, 24, 23–33.
- Zell-e Soltan, M.M. (1989). Zell-e Soltan Memories. Tehran: Asatir Publications [In Persian].
)