Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Assistant professor of historical monuments restoration department, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran
Abstract
Bridges in the mountainous land of Iran as structures with indigenous architecture have existed since prehistoric times. Crossing the permanent and abundant rivers of Lorestan, which flow in deep valleys, was not easy without using a bridge. Several remaining inscriptions at the site of several historical bridges in Lorestan are evidence of this claim that Badr ibn Ḥasanwayh in the fourth century AH had repaired and rebuilt huge bridges on the rivers of Lorestan, especially the Kashkan River. Therefore, the aim of this research is to introduce one of the important water structures in the Zagros basin and to read and understand the common indigenous techniques of bridge building in this period based on historical documents and evidence, through library and field studies using an interpretive approach and a qualitative strategy. The research, focusing on 4 case studies, while achieving the main framework of the common physical structure of the mentioned bridges, identified the reading of their indigenous techniques and knowledge, which included the technology of building foundations, the similarity of the passage surface and walkway, and the indigenous technique of wide arches in wide spans.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Azkaei, Parviz. (2004). "Al-hasanwayhid", the great Islamic encyclopedia. Vol. 1, under the supervision of Kazem Mousavi Bojnarodi, Tehran: Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopaedia: Bita.
- Blair, Shila. (1991). The monumental inscriptions from early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana. Netherlands: Brill; Reprint edition.
- Brencich, A., & Morbiducci, R. (2007). "Masonry Arches: Historical Rules and Modern Mechanics. " International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 1(2), 165–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583050701312926.
- Cherikov, Monsieur. (1847). Monsieur Cherikov's travelogue. Abkar Christian translation. 2000. Tehran: Amirkabir Publications.
- Claud, Cahen. (1986). In the encyclopedia of Islam new edition, Ed. Lewis.b, V. Lmenage, CH. Pellat, and J. Schacht, Vol.3, London: Luzac.
- De bode, Baron. (1845). Travelogue of Lorestan; Two travelogues about Lorestan: together with the treatise Lorestan and Lorha. Tehran: Babak Publications.
- De bode, Baron. (1848). Travelogue of Lorestan and Khuzestan. Translated by Mohammad Hossein Arya. 1992. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Institute.
- De morgan, Jacques. (1890). Geographical studies of western Iran. Translated by Kazem Vadiei. 1960. Tabriz: Chehar Publications.
- Dur Ali, Sodabeh & Puya Palar. (1997). "Identification of mortar used in Sassanid period bridges in Lorestan. " The paper presented in the second annual conference on preservation and restoration of objects, Tehran: Research Institute of Cultural Heritage of Iran.
- Eilers, Wilhelm. )1941(. Eine frü hislamische Kūfi – Inschrift aus Luristan: ZDMG.
- Gregory, R. (2011). "The art of skew bridges: the technique and its history explored. " The Journal of Architecture, 16(5), 615–674.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2011.570057.
- Herzfeld, E. )1929(. "Bericht ü ber arch ä ologische Beobachtungen im sü dlichen Kurdistan und in Luristan. " AMI. 1: 65-75.
- Izadpanah, Hamid. (1997). Ancient and historical Properties of Lorestan. Tehran: Association of Cultural Artifacts and Honors.
- Jajac, N., Rogulj, K., & Radnić, J. (2016). "Selection of the Method for Rehabilitation of Historic Bridges—A Decision Support Concept for the Planning of Rehabilitation Projects. " International Journal of Architectural Heritage,11(2),261–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2016.1207113.
- Karimi, Bahman. (1950). Ancient ways and old capitals of western Iran. Tehran: Shahrivar Publishing.
- Mahriyar, Mohammad. (1986). "An overview of the daughter's bridge (Jaidar). Journal of Athar. " 7 (12,13 and 14): 177-207.
- Maskoyeh al-Razi, Abu Ali. (1959). The experiences of the nation. Translated by Abulqasem Emami and Ali Naghi Monzavi. 1997. Tehran: Tous Publishing.
- Moghadasi, Muhammad Ibn Ahmad. (1982). The best divisions in knowing the regions. Tehran: Authors and translators company.
- Molazadeh, K., & Maryam Mohammadi. (2000). Non-profit buildings. Tehran: Research Institute of Islamic Culture and Art.
- Moradi, Yousef. (2022). "Bisotoun Bridge on the Khorasan-Baghdad highway: architectural features, formation process and dating. " Archaeological Researches of Iran, 32(12), 215-248. DOI: 10.22084/NB.2022.24609.2355.
- Moradi, Yousef. (2023). "Archaeological excavations around Bisotoun Bridge: stone-masonry workshops and brick and lime production. " Parseh Archaeological Studies, 25(7), 109-135. DOI: 10.30699/PJAS.7.25.105.
- Mostofi, Hamdollah. (1339). Nozahat-Al-Qulob. Translated by Seyed Mohammad Dabir Siyaghi. 2002. Qazvin: Taha Publishing.
- Negahban, Ezzatullah. (1993). Excavation of Haft Tepe Khuzestan Plain. Tehran: Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization.
- Orfeo, B., León, J., Lorenzo, I., & Todisco, L. (2022). "Reconstruction of a 19th Century Masonry Bridge Taking Advantage of Literature-Based Ancient Techniques and Current Technologies. " International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 18(3), 492–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2022.2161078.
- Orfeo, B., Todisco, L., & León, J. (2021). "Construction Process of Vaults in Masonry Bridges: The Importance of Centrings. " International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 16(7), 1032–1046.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2020.1861389.
- Parviz, Ahmad. (2001). The bridge and its evolution in Badraben Hasnawieh territory: 4th century of Hijri. Archeology master's thesis. University of Tehran.
- Pirhayati, M., Pedram, B. & Anisi, Alireza. (2018). "Conservation of the Sassanid-Islamic bridge of Kashkan with a cultural landscape approach. " Islamic Art Studies, 15(35), 1-25. DOI: 10.22034/IAS.2019.101010.
- Pirhayati, Mehdi & Anisi, Alireza. (2021). "Defining the principles of Conserving the cultural landscape of the historical bridges of the Kashkan River in Lorestan (Kashkan, Kelhor Soudhan, Dokhtar and Gaumishan bridges). " Parse Archaeological Studies, 5 (16), 97-118.
DOI: 10.30699/PJAS.5.16.97.
- Pope, Arthur upham. )1938(. A survey of Persian Art. England: Oxford University Press.
- Pouaminian, Majid, pourbakhshani, somayyeh. (2020). "Reliability-based safety evaluation of the BISTOON historic masonry arch bridg. " Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports, (30),1, 087-110.
DOI: 10.2478/ceer-2020-0008.
- Rawlinson, Sir Henry. (1836). Crossing to Khuzestan. Translated by Alexander Aman Elahi Baharond. 1983. Tehran: Aghat Publications.
- Razmara, Ali. (1941). Military geography of Lorestan. Tehran: Army Geography Organization.
- Sahrakar, A., Ahmad P., Mojtabi M., & Ramin N. (2001). Master Plan of Kashkan Bridge (photocopy version). Organization of Cultural Heritage of the country (Technical Office of the Vice-Chancellor for Conservation and Restoration), Tehran.
- Sajadi, Ali. (2013). Investigation of ancient roads and roadside facilities of the historical and Islamic periods of Lorestan (Middle Zagros). Tehran: Organization of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of the country.
- Saki, Ali Mohammad. (1964). Historical geography and history of Lorestan. Khorramabad: Mohammadi Publications.
- Sami, Ali. (1976). Sassanid civilization. Tehran: Pazineh Publishing.
- Schmidt, Eric. F. (1940). Flying over ancient cities. Translation of Arman Shihgar. 1997. First edition. Tehran: Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization.
- Sotoudeh, Manouchehr. (2015). List of tribes, nomads and clans. Tehran: The center of the great Islamic encyclopedia.
- Spuler, Bertold. (1994). History of Iran in the early Islamic centuries. Translated by Javad Falaturi and Maryam Mir Ahmadi, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.
- Stein, sir Aurel. )1969(. Old Routes of Western Iran. New York: Greenwood press.
- Tahoni, Shapour. (1990). Bridge design. Tehran: Tehran University Press.
- Wilson, Arlond. (1992). Wilson's travelogue. Translation of Saadat Nouri. Tehran: Vahid Publications.
)