nazi noorinezhadi
Abstract
Jovak art work is one of the traditional arts and industries in Fars province and especially in Shiraz, a historical city in Iran. Unfortunately, today there are few people who have heard the name of this kind of art, and usually they confuse this kind of art which is made by putting together ...
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Jovak art work is one of the traditional arts and industries in Fars province and especially in Shiraz, a historical city in Iran. Unfortunately, today there are few people who have heard the name of this kind of art, and usually they confuse this kind of art which is made by putting together different pieces of woods with various colors with another kind of art called Khaatam. In this study, considering the role and status of Jovak art and its past records, and also interviewing with the only man who makes this kind of art work as a case study, it has been studying and investigating seriously. The methodology has been both the field and library study (historical documents and content analysis). Finally, it has been tried to find out the reasons that kept such a nice art unknown to people by referring to different investigations, studies, and documentary resources as well as to help it to be recognized by more people and prevent it to be disappeared .So some solutions are presented to promote this kind of nice art.
Rahim Furizeh; gholamali heshmati; Hossein barani
Abstract
Indigenous knowledge, as an important part of the culture of all regions, includes the conditions in which humans adapt with the ecosystem. Generally, it is ethnographic responsibility to record and gather this knowledge. One of the effective ways in ethnographic researches is recording indigenous knowledge ...
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Indigenous knowledge, as an important part of the culture of all regions, includes the conditions in which humans adapt with the ecosystem. Generally, it is ethnographic responsibility to record and gather this knowledge. One of the effective ways in ethnographic researches is recording indigenous knowledge in the field of cooking by the use of different plants in their habitat being completely involved in socio-cultural issues. Accordingly, it is the subject of ethnography and anthropology as well. The first step of this study, done in Dilegan rangeland in kohgiloye and Boirahmad province, was identifying plants that all or parts of their organs were used as a main course or flavors. The plants consisted of different vegetative forms of trees, forbs and shrubs, like fruits, leaves, pedicel and bulbs. After that, free interviewing and participatory observations were applied in order to gather the name and also the way of cooking local food prepared by nomads. Finally, 21 edible plants were identified and 24 ways of cooking plants were written and recorded. Results show that one of the magnificent aspects of nomadic life is using various plants in the preparation of traditional dishes having been passed down from generation to generation by their mothers. Providing the food in the tribal families is in such a way in most of which plants are used as a main course or flavors.
Hamidreza Saeedi; Hossein Arzani; Fatemeh Razaghi
Abstract
Achieving sustainable development and economic growth of the major goals of all the countries one of the main ways to achieve sustainable development in tribal communities sufficient attention to Indigenous knowledge nomads, especially women. On the basis of this study was to introduce the participant ...
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Achieving sustainable development and economic growth of the major goals of all the countries one of the main ways to achieve sustainable development in tribal communities sufficient attention to Indigenous knowledge nomads, especially women. On the basis of this study was to introduce the participant to describe and explain the role of indigenous knowledge in sustainable development should be Soleimani tribal women. The geographic scope of this research area is Kerman province. The qualitative research method, this method also conducted in-depth interviews and data collection, key questions have been raised about the knowledge of indigenous tribal women. The concluding remarks of the respondents indicate that tribal women Soleimani has an impressive knowledge in relation to the veterinary and animal diseases treatment, processed milk and milk products and handicrafts such as carpets, tent, mat mill Horberry, Mfrshv, Jajim and rugs are inspired by it can be taken in line with the sustainable development of grassland. In tribal societies, the continuous production of a direct relationship between producer and consumer and tribal women and girls as an essential pillar of the social structure and production units are considered nomadic and can achieve sustainable development in the range.
Reza Rahimnia; Mehran Gharaati; Ali Zamanifard
Volume 2, Issue 4 , June 2016, , Pages 145-177
Abstract
Conservation/restoration can be regarded as the science of transferring a given cultural from the past to the future, which calls for a comprehensive framework based on keen understanding of the past (indigenous) knowledge. On the other hand, there is very limited number of research for creating ...
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Conservation/restoration can be regarded as the science of transferring a given cultural from the past to the future, which calls for a comprehensive framework based on keen understanding of the past (indigenous) knowledge. On the other hand, there is very limited number of research for creating theoretical premises in the field of Conservation of Architectural and Urban Heritage. In addition, the Western theories would not fully apply to and address the existing issues in Iran. Therefore, it is more sensible to use qualitative as well as interpretative methods for research in traditional knowledge. One of such methods is “Grounded Theory”, although the use of this method in the field of conservation is not yet prevalent in the world and in Iran as well. This paper aims at explaining the characteristics of grounded theory as an applied research method in the study of indigenous knowledge of Conservation. This research has been conducted with theoretical study in recognition of grounded theory as well as practical experience to apply this method in indigenous knowledge research. Finally, the process of grounded theory in the indigenous knowledge research has been explained. Indigenous knowledge research by grounded theory is as follows: 1) literature review (for theoretical sensitivity), 2) theoretical sampling, 3) collecting data (derived from the indigenous knowledge sources), 4) data coding and analysis (until theoretical saturation) and 5) present the theory. At the result,the grounded theory can be a good method to response the theoretical limitation in conservation. This method provides the opinion, perception, and understanding of architecture and conservation.
jafar hezarjeribi; reza safari shali
Abstract
As a combination of belongings, skills, values, beliefs, tools and methods of a social or national group, Indigenous knowledge has inherited through the experiences and confirmation of constituent generations in different fields of life. Its accurate application can lead to endogenous development ...
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As a combination of belongings, skills, values, beliefs, tools and methods of a social or national group, Indigenous knowledge has inherited through the experiences and confirmation of constituent generations in different fields of life. Its accurate application can lead to endogenous development that in fact is in correspondence with people’s culture and environment of that society. Present article identifies one of the most important new methodological approaches in social investigations arena and its status in recognition of indigenous knowledge and values. Grounded theory has the ability to create new theories in correspondence with that society by recognition of present reality instead of proving existed theories. Methodologically the basis of grounded theory is production and construction of theory from present data in society. In this method inductive approach is used and researcher starts his work with observation and interviews and then brings up structures and contents or general topics. After this step, by the help of interpretive methods, theories are created and presented without previous presumptions. Hence, referring the essence of this theory, it can be used as a method with devices for recognition of values and skills and generally our society’s indigenous knowledge
aman mohammad komaki; Abolfazl sharifiyan; Hossein barani
Abstract
The indigenous knowledge arises from reality of human life and experiences on the earth, which indeed stems from ancestors. They may have got this knowledge from their living directly and gather it experimentally. So they are specific for one ecosystem. The desert truffles are from a group of ...
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The indigenous knowledge arises from reality of human life and experiences on the earth, which indeed stems from ancestors. They may have got this knowledge from their living directly and gather it experimentally. So they are specific for one ecosystem. The desert truffles are from a group of edible mushrooms grow under the soil like tuber. Local people may find them in natural habitats in Iran and other different regions of Mediterranean climate. From old days these fungi are interesting and edible mushrooms for humankind. In recent years the tendency to these truffles has increased especially by many amateur groups and led them to grow those in orchards as a new activity. While there is an indigenous knowledge about them among local people, a little study is present about identification of different species of desert truffle in Iran. That is to say there are not significant scientific activities about these groups of fungi. Indigenous knowledge can be considered as a base of science. Actually the indigenous knowledge is full of many ideas and interesting case study and research should be done in this area. But the indigenous knowledge with its intrinsic talents progress through observing with the naked eye, without any instruments. The indigenous knowledge of desert truffles exactly separates the species of truffles and their special host plants. According to indigenous knowledge people could determine the location and time of growth of desert truffles. The indigenous knowledge understands the relation of evolution between desert truffle and their plant hosts. Today with research about the different aspects of fungi and symbiosis; especially with molecular methods, the scientists can understand the host specificity and evolution of truffles.
jompor mahmood
Abstract
Experiences have manifested that local techniques and indigenous knowledge are the best way for achievement of sustainable livelihood development. The indigenous knowledge is adapted to environmental, social and economic local conditions. It is a part of social and cultural capital of local communities ...
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Experiences have manifested that local techniques and indigenous knowledge are the best way for achievement of sustainable livelihood development. The indigenous knowledge is adapted to environmental, social and economic local conditions. It is a part of social and cultural capital of local communities and can be able to empower these communities. The systems of indigenous knowledge should be seen as a part of national resources. Indigenous knowledge is a key element of essential capital of local people who try to control their own lives. Traditional knowledge is more than a simple compilation of facts drawn from local and often remote environments. It is a complex and sophisticated system of knowledge drawing on centuries of wisdom and experience. It also constantly grows and changes with new information. For using this complicated system, one must include the indigenous peoples themselves as practitioners. Although traditional knowledge systems of indigenous peoples, are highly variable in their content and style, nonetheless all have a great deal to offer in sustaining life on the planet. Most of traditional knowledge systems assume that people are part of the land, rather than they own the land, so they consider themselves as true guardians. The wisdom derived from this philosophy can be used to take advantage when planning for sustainable development. Thus, there is a great benefit to use the two knowledge systems together. This paper debates the importance and role of indigenous knowledge in sustainable development, especially in remote region and rural community in Iran. It introduces some of traditional ways that local people used for irrigation and agriculture in the arid and semi arid zones so qanat or kariz. This ways is smart adaptation to hard environmental conditions and can be applied in development process.
kazem mollazadeh
Abstract
In 1936 AD, during excavation of a Parthian site in central Mesopotamia, a device was discovered consisting of a small clay pot with 14 cm height, in which a copper cylinder with an iron rod had been placed. Comparable samples of the device were later discovered in other sites (such as Ctesiphon, ...
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In 1936 AD, during excavation of a Parthian site in central Mesopotamia, a device was discovered consisting of a small clay pot with 14 cm height, in which a copper cylinder with an iron rod had been placed. Comparable samples of the device were later discovered in other sites (such as Ctesiphon, capital of Iran during the Parthian and Sassanid period). Considering the features of the device, it was correctly identified as an electric cell at the outset, and some hypotheses were raised about its application including electroplating, magical and medical use. Due to scientific and technical complexity of the electroplating process and also lack of necessary efficiency of the Parthian cell in electroplating, the first hypothesis is less accepted today. Based on scientific and technical support of this finding, it cannot be accepted that the Parthian cell has had a magical use. Therefore, since historical evidence shows that in this historic period, electric fish had been used to relieve pain and also considering the modern medicinal experience in use of weak electrical currents to relieve pain and cure a number of diseases, the most likely hypothesis seems to be associated with medicine. In the Parthian period, Mesopotamia was one of the most important centers of the East-West relationship. In such an environment, medical technicians and physicians have made such a tool using their experience and the knowledge imparted to this region from China and Rome.
morteza farhadi
Abstract
ن سردبیرراه تنهای مرا بنگر 1مردم شناسان فرهنگ را "تجربه انبار گروه " و "گنجینه آفرینندگی های بشر " 2نامیده اند. بخش مهم و کاربردی و در ایران ناشناخته مانده از این گنجینه دانش ...
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ن سردبیرراه تنهای مرا بنگر 1مردم شناسان فرهنگ را "تجربه انبار گروه " و "گنجینه آفرینندگی های بشر " 2نامیده اند. بخش مهم و کاربردی و در ایران ناشناخته مانده از این گنجینه دانش و فنآوری : سخت افزارها و نرم افزارهای مربوط به تولید کار و مسائل پیرامونی آنمی باشد. از آن جا که تولید و کار امری جمعی و گروهی است و همیشه در پیوند باطبیعت و جامعه و فره نگ قرار می گیرد، پس این پیرامون ، هم شامل دانش های علوممصراعی از یک سروده اسکیمویی و نام فصلی از کتاب تاریخ مردم شناسی در بیان احوال فرانز بواس -ه. ر. هیس، تاریخ مردم شناسی، ترجمه ابوالقاسم طاهری، تهران. ] (Franz Boas). نک به: کلایه کلاکن – کروبر. تعریف ها و مفهوم فرهنگ، ترجمه داریوش آشوری، تهران، 1357 -2 دو فصلنامه دانش های بومی ایران، شماره 1 بهار و تابستان 1393دقیقه، علوم طبیعی ، فلسفه و علوم اجتماعی مربوط به آن همچون آب و هوا شناسی ،جانورشناسی و گیاه شناسی مرد می ، جغرافیا و بوم شناسی محلی ، کشاورزی و اقتصادکشاورزی و فنون کاربردی شده در صنایع و پیشه ها و ریاضیات و ابزارهای اندازه گیریو دانش های فیزیکی و شیمیایی کاربردی و غالبا نانوشته بوده و دامنه آن به جامعهشناسی، روانشناسی و مدیریت بومزاد و مشارکت ها و تعاونی ها ی سنتی و صنایع وهنرها و تکنیک های بدن (متون بدن ) و غیره نیز کشیده می شود. ویژگی مشترک هم هاین موضوعات گوناگون ، کارآمدی و توان کاربردی بالای آنها در عمل و پاسخسنجیده و کارآمد آنها در حل مساله و برآورد نیازهای آدمی در انطباق با تاریخ، جغرافیاو خرده فرهنگ در طی هزاران سال می باشد.دانش بو می که دانش محلی ، سنتی و یا قو می عامیانه و مرد می و بوم ز اد نیزنامیده شده است ؛ برای تعریف و طبقه بندی پدیده ها در محیط ها ی فیزیکی ، طبیعی واجتماعی خاص به کار برده می شود و با دانشی که افراد جامعه از طریق مراکز رس میمانند دانشگاه ها و موسسات تحقیقات دولتی و خصوصی کسب می کنند، ممکن استظاهراً تفاوت داشته باشد ، اما همه آنها در این ویژگی کلی که حاصل تجربه (مشاهده وآزمایش رس می و غیررسمی ) و به اشکال گوناگون تکرار شده و اثبات شده اند مشترکمی باشند.دانش بومی ، دانش جمعی و تاریخی گروه های انسانی در ارتباط با زمینه هایگوناگون هستی ، بویژه شیوه های تعریف نردبان نیازها ، در نسبت با نظام ارزشی و حلمسئله با راههای تجربه تاریخی است که منجر به راههای معیشتی و سبکِ زندگی آدمیگردیده است که از تعامل طولانی گروه با جغرافیا و محیط طبیعی و از طریق آزمون وخطا در خلال زمان شکل گرفته و عمدتاً شفاهی و نامکتوب و آمیخته با تکنیک هایبدن (فنون بدن) و دانش ضمنی است.سخن سردبیر 3دانش بو می بخشی از سرمایه ملی و "پتانسیل فرهنگی " 1 هر قوم است . تجربهنشان می دهد که دانش بو می نه تنها با دانش رس می تعارض و تناقضی ندارد بلکهبرخی ویژگی های متفاوت عرَضی دانش بومی مانند آزمودگی و آبدیدگی در ازای زمان،آن را مکمل خوبی برای دانش رس می قرار می دهد. دانش بو می در دسترس ، آسان یاب ،ساده، کارآمد، ارزان، کل نگر، واقع نگر، شفاهی، پویا، تجربه گرا، زمان آزموده و بومزاد و سازگار با محیط و طبیعت و زیست بوم تعریف می شود. این دانش به مسائل بهصورت کلی و منظوم ه ای (سیستماتیک) نگاه کرده و پویا بوده و در طی زمان آبدیدهشده است و چون در بطن محیط طبیعی و اجتماعی محلی تکامل یافته است با شرایطبومی و منطقه ای کاملاً سازگار می باشد.ویژگی های دانش بو می آن را دانشی سازگارتر نسبت به محیط و جامعه گراتر ازدانش های کلاسیک و نوین م عرفی می کند که می توان آن را در خدمت توسعه پایدارقرار داد.با وجود همه زحمتی که جهانیان و از آن جمل ه ایرانیان برای کسب دانش بو میصرف کرده و با وجود همه ارزش های فراوانی که دارد، دانش بومی غالبا دانشی شفاهیاست و بطور معمول و متداول در روش های جدید و علمی ثبت و ضبط نمی شود و درنهایت باید گفت ، دانش بو می در بیشتر کشورهای توسعه نیافته تحت تاثیر عواملگوناگون و از آن جمله معیشت و اقتصاد های تک محصولی شده و سلطه همه جانبهاستعماری و قومیت کشی (تهاجم فرهنگی) و مقیاسات اروپا محورانه و شرق شناسانهتعصب آمیز شرایط جدید و القائات "مکتب نوسازی " 2 غالباً نادیده گرفته شده و رو بهنابودی رفته است.
amir saberi; ismaiel karami dehkordi
Abstract
In the course of realization of constant development of villages with people-based orientation aiming at their empowerment, the native knowledge is the most significant part of development in terms of local beliefs, values, methods and knowledge. Experience shows that not only is the native knowledge ...
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In the course of realization of constant development of villages with people-based orientation aiming at their empowerment, the native knowledge is the most significant part of development in terms of local beliefs, values, methods and knowledge. Experience shows that not only is the native knowledge not inconsistent with the official one, but it can also complement it. Native knowledge is accessible, comprehensible, efficient, and inexpensive and is transmitted orally. This knowledge has been dynamic, has completed in nature and local communities, is consistent with native and regional conditions and has helped villagers in stable management of water-yielding places so that they would have more active role in development of natural sources. The present study aims at evaluating the level of knowledge of villagers in the field of water and soil protection technology. The data are gathered through using focused groups, interviews, questionnaires along with participation of experts of water-yielding areas of Shahid Rajaie Yanser, Mazandaran Province. The findings show that the primary living facilities in most villages under study are at an average level and that villages in different areas have various climate and weather. Also, the heavy dependence of villagers on natural sources and limitations in family income sources has led to pressurizing and destruction of natural sources. Experts consider destruction of jungles and grasslands, floods, decrease in water sources and shortage of water supply, soil erosion, accumulation of sediments behind dams and destruction of river edges as the most important crises related to natural sources. They believe that utilizers should have great skill and knowledge when it comes to occurrence, reasons and significance of such crises and also significance of operations of water-yielding utilization and its protection. This paper reveals that evaluations and prioritizations of experts are quite different from the evaluations made based on popular knowledge. In many cases the knowledge and information of people about ecosystems and species they are in contact with are less than what is really there. Therefore, the most important educational prioritization should deal with native knowledge and establishment of interaction between the native and official knowledge. In the world industrialization process, agricultural section, especially in the third world has witnessed the most damages, because native methods have left their once tried experience.
kaveh farhadi; morteza salemi ghamsari
Abstract
It goes without saying that food is quite significant which is felt by biologists, psychologists and more importantly by people. However, some societies including Iranians have always witnessed various incidents for thousand years due to its specific geographical and historical condition, shortage of ...
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It goes without saying that food is quite significant which is felt by biologists, psychologists and more importantly by people. However, some societies including Iranians have always witnessed various incidents for thousand years due to its specific geographical and historical condition, shortage of food and even water on the one hand, and many natural disasters and attacks by alien tribes on the other hand. Therefore, they have so much and sometimes unique experience in issues related to food security, management and storage. The said experiences unfortunately keep being forgotten. In most Iranian regions, there are mountains with water and no soil or deserts with soil and no water. Moreover, plants grow and agricultural, garden, and animal products are produced only in some months of the year. On the other hand, dangerous pests such as locust, age, color, natural disasters such as drought, untimely cold weather, flood, hail, and worst of all social insecurities including attacks on Iran which is a record-holder in this regard have all led to collection of experience in such special conditions so as to be used in such unlucky days of shortage or drought. Iranians have innovated various solutions to the extent that they have been able to store the most perishable foods such as milk for one week to two years. This is also true for vegetable, meat and fresh fruits. The present paper is the preliminary stage of a great work about traditional methods of food storage and traditional ways of fighting drought which have been applied by our ancestors for thousands of years. The paper aims at recording the latest experiences of old villagers and stories they have heard or applied about drought and different methods of combating it, food storage techniques and diet management at times of shortage before its too late. One of the findings is drawing of the preliminary graph of food classification in Iranian culture.
