Indigenous Knowledge of Iran

Abstract A typical calendar among the Kurdish people from the perspective of: the Naming the months, symbolism, the numerous occasions, the consistency with nature and climate, the mythical and religious ideas, and ... distinct from the calendar of other Iranian tribes. In this culture, like the glorious calendar, the year is divided into four seasons and twelve months and each month to thirty days, but the beginning of the year is different from the calendar of the people. The fall season is ahead of the summer season. The names of its twelve species are, respectively: Giyā Bārik, Giyā Jemān, Nowrooz Māng, Kav Ker, Ganem Derav,Puš par, Gā Qur, Miva rasān, ?āxere Sardava, Valng Rizān, Mānge Seya, and Xāka Liva are all raised. There are occasional chaos and in each of these months, there are different occasions that are based on repetition, climate and climate conditions. This article aims to describe the Kurdish bases in a compilation (field book) and in a descriptive analytical manner. This shows the rich background and calendar of the people of this culture, and finding the roots of this calendar in the history and culture of Iran may bring valuable results.

Abstract This article seeks to re-read nomadic life in Iran based on the link between natural and human fields. The main question is: how is it possible to recover and re-read this natural-cultural heritage and use it for the future? It seems that the vital relationship between nomads and plant communities on the one hand and the knowledge and skills of nomads to work in geodiversity and climate diversity on the other hand, the dissection of nomadic life, it makes it possible. From the descriptive-analytical-critical method and a combined approach of botanical, geological, deep ecological and spatial and land use planning, the activities of nomads as plant sociologists(oral) were first performed in the high plateau of Iran. Findings show that the lack of knowledge in identifying the relationships of domains (natural and human) and the lack of attention to biological domains and basic resources such as land and plants, has led to nomadic life as a tissue in natural and human studies, be forgotten more than ever. Therefore, retrieving and re-reading it requires reviving interdisciplinary studies by documenting and producing endemic ecological data and utilizing global data for optimal use in the design of sustainable habitats for It is the future.

Abstract Fibulae are among the objects that were invented in the early Iron Age (1400 BC) and in the middle of this period(about 800 BC), it became common in different regions and its use by different cultures, in various forms and different applications has continued to this day. After the use of these Fibula spread, these constructions were used in various ways, including for Connecting clothes, personal decoration, and in some cases as a talisman. The late Iron Age fibulae of Iran include a variety of types that were found during excavations of various settlement sites and cemeteries. Regarding the history, typology and applications of fibulae discovered from Iran, no comprehensive research has been done in Iran and the researches of Western archaeologists do not include the findings of recent decades. Therefore, there are ambiguities regarding the history of their use, typology, application and construction technique. The present study aims to introduce and study the history and typology of Iron Age fibulae in Iran and tries to achieve the desired goals through descriptive-analytical methods and library tools. The results show that fibulae, after being invented in the Mediterranean basin, gradually spread to other regions and in many cases replaced rod pins.

Abstract The making of ornaments is one of the industries that has always been considered in ancient Iran. Among the outstanding works in this field are the golden collars belonging to the Sassanid and Parthian periods of the Reza Abbasi Museum. These golden collars have special structural features and decorative methods that by studying them, in addition to showing the historical course of making the collar, their special decorations will also be introduced.
The main focus of this research is the structural form of the two samples studied and the decorations of each work. Accordingly, first the structural and decorative features of each work have been studied separately, then the collars have been studied comparatively.
The results of this study introduce the techniques used in these works and also show the commonalities and differences in the collar making of these two periods, so that it can be said that these two collars have many similarities in terms of structure and decoration method. It shows the continued use of popular artistic traditions for several centuries.

Abstract Making of traditional pencil case by papier-mâché is one of the traditional arts in the Safavid and Qajar periods and today it is forgotten. Due to the preservation of Persian cultural heritage and traditional arts, it becomes necessary that be done the analytical study of making of traditional sliding pencil case by papier-mâché (paper adhesive layer) with emphasis on wood formwork method and replace another method from its scientific and technical aspect. Purpose is to know the methods of making traditional sliding pencil case by papier-mâché (paper adhesive layer). Question include: - How did the ancients done in the molding stage of making traditional sliding pencil case and what other method can be offered for this stage today? In research, library, documentary and experimental information have been studied with descriptive-analytical approach. Results show that by replacing the molding with Styrofoam instead of wooden molds, it is easy to design and make traditional pencil case by papier-mâché. The papier-mâché is a method of recycling waste paper that plays an important role in preservation of environment healthy and the craftsmen consciously used every opportunity to create artworks.

Abstract The importance of Master of Arts as bearers of intangible cultural heritage and its protection is widely recognized by the international community.
Optimal protection of them, as a guarantee of continued development of knowledge and skills and their transmission to younger generations is one of the major concerns of today UNESCO and the Cultural Heritage Foundation.
This study seeks to determine the problem of determining strategies for the protection and preservation of bearers of cultural heritage and using the experiences of other countries has compared the problem proposed in Iran.
A case study was conducted in Kerman and about the Master of Arts of this city by purposeful sampling and by using ethnographic study and using interview techniques, their interpretation and extraction of sub-main and main themes.
The results of this study confirm the important issue that in Iran, the issue of protection of the old bearers of cultural heritage is considered as a serious threat to the loss of local knowledge treasures due to the growing trend of aging and related issues. Effective strategies and strategies must be pursued with the cooperation of various institutions and cultural heritage, and threats must be turned into opportunities.

Abstract One of the types of literature and folk music's is the songs and melodies that are composed for a certain profession or that spoken by the masses of people while performing activities and works. One of the types of literature and folk music's is the songs and melodies that are composed for a certain profession or that spoken by the masses of people while performing activities and works These songs express the thoughts of pure-hearted and simple-living people that music and poetry have penetrated their lives, even while working. Examples of such songs can also be found in the culture of Kermanshah Kurds, therefore, in this essay, which is done with analytical-descriptive method, the authors are trying to explain moreover the place of work and effort among Kurds, and also studying the poems that are composed for a specific profession or during an activity are common of the Kurdish people of Kermanshah. Among the different types of work songs, lullabies, milking poems are more common and have been remembered from the memory of Kurdish women.

Abstract The methods of cooperation and cooperation have long been common in the rural communities of Iran, and despite the changes that have occurred in rural communities over the years, there are still various forms of cooperation and cooperation among many Lor, Kurd, and, etc. can be seen. The purpose of this research is to analyze the traditional ways of cooperation in the agricultural culture of the people of Jafar Abad village, Sivan district of Ilam city, using the theory of functionalism and the theory of exchange. In the interview method, the researcher conducted a purposeful and snowball method by selecting 21 people who had sufficient information on the topic in question. The obtained results show that before planting crops and in order to observe justice in the common people's enjoyment of the possibility of God-given village, by drawing lots (Tirpeshk), dividing the land (Zahmin Bahsh) in The planting phase of the crop is done by group plowing method (pair herd), in the starting phase by the method of escaping harmful animals for the field (Veraz Rav) and in the harvesting phase by methods such as group reaping, group threshing, cleaning the crop to The group form is used.

Abstract Ethnozoology is the study of human groups' interaction and fauna, the role of animals in people’s lives, and related beliefs that have shaped human culture. This knowledge includes the system of nomenclature for animals, describing human-animal interactions, identifying animal food habits, reproduction and habitats, animal diseases and treating, protecting humans from animal attacks, uses of animals for medicinal, food, ornamental, religious, and spiritual purposes, and finally is using this body of knowledge for conservation purposes. This paper introduces ethnozoology as a subdivision of ethnobiology and elaborates on it by using written Persian heritages such as pigeon lofts and manuscripts on the subject of falconry or BAZ-NAMAH, new domestic researches, and examples of international studies in the field of ethnozoology. Examples of the ethnozoological knowledge of the adjacent communities to the Oshtorankuh protected area, Lorestan Province, related to partridges, porcupines, and brown bears have been described. All three species are hunted by local communities. The gallbladder is a widely used organ of these species for various purposes including pain relief, disease treatment, and ritual and spiritual. The findings show ethnozoological studies could assist wildlife management practices at the local level and illustrate causes of wildlife-human conflicts which help in wildlife conservation

Abstract Ethnobotanical investigation in the rangelands of Abidar mountain, located in the southwest of Sanandaj city and the surrounding countryside
high ecological diversity and the widespread approach of people to the use of medicinal plants and traditional medicine identification and introduction of plants It made medicinal and native of the region and their uses necessary.
Pioneer studies and field surveys, preparation of the list of medicinal and edible plants documentary studies and in-depth and semi-structured interviews, beliefs and knowledge of local communities and their documentation. For each species, plant family, scientific name of the species, Persian name, local name, therapeutic properties, organ used and method of consumption were compiled.
Identification of 215 medicinal and edible species belonging to 49 plant families. Asteraceae families with 64 species, Poaceae with 38 species and Apiaceae with 35 species have the most abundance and the distribution percentage is the same, leaves are the most used with 35% distribution and The preparation of tea is the most widely used, the healing of joint and rheumatic pains is the most
The lack of documented ethnobotanical studies, the need to protect these plants and record people's knowledge about local treatments