Indigenous Knowledge
Abstract
از آنجا که ایرانیان یکی از اولین مردمانی بودهاند که از دوران گردآوری خوراک گیاهی و جانوری (صیادی و شکار) گذر کرده و پا در یکجانشینی و تولید خوراک گیاهی و حیوانی نهادهاند. ...
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از آنجا که ایرانیان یکی از اولین مردمانی بودهاند که از دوران گردآوری خوراک گیاهی و جانوری (صیادی و شکار) گذر کرده و پا در یکجانشینی و تولید خوراک گیاهی و حیوانی نهادهاند. پس طبیعی است که بیش از دیگر مردمان جهان به خاک به دیده احترام نگاه کنند. این گرامیداشت به اندازهای بوده که ایرانیان خاکی بودن را صفتی والا دانسته و خود را به این صفت نامگذاری میکنند. ستایش افتادگی و تواضع در ادبیات ایرانی بازتاب یافته است.تقدس خاک همچنین سبب شده است که آنان در پاکیزگی زمین و نیالودن آن سخاوت بسیار داشته و در پاکیزه داشتن خاک و آب و هوا به خویشتن سختیهای بسیار روا دارند و در آبادانی و پاکیزگی و سرسبزی خاک بسیار بکوشند.گفتنی است که ستایش زمین و خاک تنها ویژۀ ایرانیان باستان نبوده است، هومر از شاعران دوران باستان یونان که در اشعار خود، کار و کشاورزی را ستوده است، دربارۀ زمین سروده:«در بارۀ زمین، این مادرِ همگان، میسرایم: ای زمینِ ستوار! که همه چیز جهان را تغذیه میکنی،... آنِ تو جان بخشی و فنای آدمی زادگان میرا است.»( )
morteza farhadi
Abstract
One of the more unknown wisdoms of the traditional agriculture and horticulture in the ancient civilizations which could invigorated agricultural fields for thousands years, probably, would be this diversity in cultivating different kinds of arable plants and trees in juxtaposed pieces (multi-cultivation), ...
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One of the more unknown wisdoms of the traditional agriculture and horticulture in the ancient civilizations which could invigorated agricultural fields for thousands years, probably, would be this diversity in cultivating different kinds of arable plants and trees in juxtaposed pieces (multi-cultivation), and co-cultivating arable plants in the same time and place (mixed-up cultivation), and also cultivating arable plants and trees altogether and planting different trees in the same place or close to each other. This is the same method that Nature has been selecting since million years ago to the present time, and the world agriculture until the domination of Capitalism by its insular and narrow-minded perspective, i.e. the most interest in the least time and by each price, to some extent, has paid attention to it. These methods are thoroughly opposed to the modern mono-cultivation and macro-cultivation of the arable Capitalism.
mahmood maham
Abstract
This article seeks to re-read nomadic life in Iran based on the link between natural and human fields. The main question is: how is it possible to recover and re-read this natural-cultural heritage and use it for the future? It seems that the vital relationship between nomads and plant communities on ...
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This article seeks to re-read nomadic life in Iran based on the link between natural and human fields. The main question is: how is it possible to recover and re-read this natural-cultural heritage and use it for the future? It seems that the vital relationship between nomads and plant communities on the one hand and the knowledge and skills of nomads to work in geodiversity and climate diversity on the other hand, the dissection of nomadic life, it makes it possible. From the descriptive-analytical-critical method and a combined approach of botanical, geological, deep ecological and spatial and land use planning, the activities of nomads as plant sociologists(oral) were first performed in the high plateau of Iran. Findings show that the lack of knowledge in identifying the relationships of domains (natural and human) and the lack of attention to biological domains and basic resources such as land and plants, has led to nomadic life as a tissue in natural and human studies, be forgotten more than ever. Therefore, retrieving and re-reading it requires reviving interdisciplinary studies by documenting and producing endemic ecological data and utilizing global data for optimal use in the design of sustainable habitats for It is the future.
Yaghoub Iranmanesh; Pourhashemi Mehdi; Hasan Jahanbazi Goujani; Mahmoud Talebi; Fariborz Azizi
Abstract
Indigenous knowledge is the accumulated knowledge, skills, and techniques of a particular community that results from their direct interaction with the environment that should be respected as a source of environmental knowledge. Indigenous knowledge is an important part of the life of local forest communities ...
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Indigenous knowledge is the accumulated knowledge, skills, and techniques of a particular community that results from their direct interaction with the environment that should be respected as a source of environmental knowledge. Indigenous knowledge is an important part of the life of local forest communities and plays an important role in their lives. In this research we tried to record the indiginous knoeledge of gum extraction of wild pistachio in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Snowball sampling method was used to collect information. Data were recorded using semi-structured interviews and by writing information, video recording of events, and taking pictures. Information was analyzed by editing documents, integrating, transforming and highlighting information. The results of this study showed that the local people consider the pistachio tree as an economic plant and strongly avoid from cutting and damaging it, and even try to protect and develop it. Gum is the important byproduct of pistachio tree and gum extraction takes place in different stages including tree selection, rifting, put the bowl, double and triple rifting, purification and cooking the gum. Medicinal use of gum is the most common use of this product. Local resident believe to the technical and principled use of pistachio trees.
Indigenous Knowledge
Samera Salimpour Abkenar; Amir Anvari Moghaddam
Abstract
Traditional spinning and weaving have been formed following the climatic, material, and spiritual needs of different relatives. Generally, the natural resources of each region are selected as the first option for the production of hand-woven textiles. This research introduces a valuable plant resource ...
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Traditional spinning and weaving have been formed following the climatic, material, and spiritual needs of different relatives. Generally, the natural resources of each region are selected as the first option for the production of hand-woven textiles. This research introduces a valuable plant resource called "Malleh cotton", which has been revived and re-cultivated in the Khosf of South Khorasan. Malleh cotton is a kind of soft and brown cotton, which is considered "blessed and holy" by local residents due to its warming properties in winter. The purpose is to preserve the intangible cultural heritage of "the cultivation, traditional spinning, and weaving of Malleh cotton". The most important question of this study is: what is the structural difference between Malleh and white cotton? In order to find a suitable answer to the mentioned question, conventional FTIR and XRD analyses have been used. The research method is based on field studies, interviews, and published documents. The results show that the cultivation method of Malleh is similar to white cotton and it is possible to spin and weave it in a completely manual and traditional method.
jafar hezarjeribi; reza safari shali
Abstract
As a combination of belongings, skills, values, beliefs, tools and methods of a social or national group, Indigenous knowledge has inherited through the experiences and confirmation of constituent generations in different fields of life. Its accurate application can lead to endogenous development ...
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As a combination of belongings, skills, values, beliefs, tools and methods of a social or national group, Indigenous knowledge has inherited through the experiences and confirmation of constituent generations in different fields of life. Its accurate application can lead to endogenous development that in fact is in correspondence with people’s culture and environment of that society. Present article identifies one of the most important new methodological approaches in social investigations arena and its status in recognition of indigenous knowledge and values. Grounded theory has the ability to create new theories in correspondence with that society by recognition of present reality instead of proving existed theories. Methodologically the basis of grounded theory is production and construction of theory from present data in society. In this method inductive approach is used and researcher starts his work with observation and interviews and then brings up structures and contents or general topics. After this step, by the help of interpretive methods, theories are created and presented without previous presumptions. Hence, referring the essence of this theory, it can be used as a method with devices for recognition of values and skills and generally our society’s indigenous knowledge
Morvarid Hosseini; Mohamad Rahim Forouzeh; Hossein Barani
Abstract
One method used to answer the human concerns in modern society is referring to the empirical knowledge of the past and using the wisdom of the local people's historical knowledge. Among this valuable knowledge, indigenous knowledge is unique in identifying edible plants and their consumption practices ...
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One method used to answer the human concerns in modern society is referring to the empirical knowledge of the past and using the wisdom of the local people's historical knowledge. Among this valuable knowledge, indigenous knowledge is unique in identifying edible plants and their consumption practices in local communities. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify and document the ethnobotany of edible plants in Zebarkhan rangelands located in Razavi Khorasan province. In this study, the traditional beliefs and knowledge of the people about plants were collected in the form of free interviews, participatory observation and continuous presence in 2017-2018. Snowball and purposive sampling were done in order to select participants. The questions posed with the focus on the local names, vegetative forms, methods of harvesting, the organ used, consumption, and plants attributes. The interviews were then continued until the repetitive responses would confirm the reliability and validity of the interview. Finally, the information were classified, analyzed and the key concepts were extracted based on the goal of research.The findings showed that except for the provision of annual food and medical supplies, most of the identified species consisted of multifunctional medicinal and livestock usage and they were also involved with the provision of the livelihood of the residents through collection and sale or forage livestock. The results and findings of this research can be used as a basis for future research on the development of nutrition knowledge and management of rangelands through the improvement and revival with edible and medicinal plants.
Mohammad Hasan Salek Akbari
Abstract
Straight Pins have been repeatedly among the findings of the metal objects of the settlements, religious sites and cemeteries of the Iron Age of Iran. These artifacts have often been referred to as "Pins" in some of the available sources. In other cases, they have simply been titled as: Garment Pins, ...
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Straight Pins have been repeatedly among the findings of the metal objects of the settlements, religious sites and cemeteries of the Iron Age of Iran. These artifacts have often been referred to as "Pins" in some of the available sources. In other cases, they have simply been titled as: Garment Pins, hairpins, symbolic and votive objects, defense instruments and shrouds pins without making any distinctions and/or scientific discussions. In this article, we tried to study the various functions of these artifacts by using archaeological, ethno-archeological and historical studies. Based on the results, the studs, regarding their shape and dimension, as well as the place of discovery, had different uses such as: Garment Pin, hair pin, decoration, defensive, symbolic, votive, magic, and ritual as well as complementary and multiple applications. Also one of the functions that has been mentioned earlier in this article is its use as a tool to Ward off the ghosts and evil forces, as well as vile and harassing animals, which is still true for traditional societies and was the case with Zoroastrians from the Ancient and contemporary eras.
Indigenous Knowledge
fatemeh mirzaei
Abstract
Associated with Sistan and Baluchestan Province in Iran, specifically Sarhad and Makran, Baluchi needlework is a prominent form of traditional arts. The purpose of this study was to classify original and frequent motifs found in Baluchi-Duzi (Baluchi embroidery) to discover their symbolic meanings. The ...
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Associated with Sistan and Baluchestan Province in Iran, specifically Sarhad and Makran, Baluchi needlework is a prominent form of traditional arts. The purpose of this study was to classify original and frequent motifs found in Baluchi-Duzi (Baluchi embroidery) to discover their symbolic meanings. The central question was how could the motifs in Baluchi needlework be analyzed and thematically classified according to the Iranian traditional arts model. In this descriptive-analytical study, probability sampling was utilized to select Baluchi needlework motifs through field research (observation- and interview-based) and library research (indexing and image analysis). The data were analyzed by thematic classification derived from the Iranian traditional arts model. Examination of forty-four motifs demonstrated that Baluchi needlework motifs are geometrical in the main that can be classified into signify human, animal, plant and object (such as jewelry, everyday items, and places) shapes and components. These represent the realities of the Baluchis’ life and beliefs.
jompor mahmood
Abstract
Experiences have manifested that local techniques and indigenous knowledge are the best way for achievement of sustainable livelihood development. The indigenous knowledge is adapted to environmental, social and economic local conditions. It is a part of social and cultural capital of local communities ...
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Experiences have manifested that local techniques and indigenous knowledge are the best way for achievement of sustainable livelihood development. The indigenous knowledge is adapted to environmental, social and economic local conditions. It is a part of social and cultural capital of local communities and can be able to empower these communities. The systems of indigenous knowledge should be seen as a part of national resources. Indigenous knowledge is a key element of essential capital of local people who try to control their own lives. Traditional knowledge is more than a simple compilation of facts drawn from local and often remote environments. It is a complex and sophisticated system of knowledge drawing on centuries of wisdom and experience. It also constantly grows and changes with new information. For using this complicated system, one must include the indigenous peoples themselves as practitioners. Although traditional knowledge systems of indigenous peoples, are highly variable in their content and style, nonetheless all have a great deal to offer in sustaining life on the planet. Most of traditional knowledge systems assume that people are part of the land, rather than they own the land, so they consider themselves as true guardians. The wisdom derived from this philosophy can be used to take advantage when planning for sustainable development. Thus, there is a great benefit to use the two knowledge systems together. This paper debates the importance and role of indigenous knowledge in sustainable development, especially in remote region and rural community in Iran. It introduces some of traditional ways that local people used for irrigation and agriculture in the arid and semi arid zones so qanat or kariz. This ways is smart adaptation to hard environmental conditions and can be applied in development process.
seyed mehdi mousavinejadian
Abstract
AAA (Azolla Active Acquired) has been produced during the last 10 years of intensive research to improve energy performance in internal combustion system. This product is used in vehicles or factories and reduce energy consumption of fossil fuels. In fact, AAA is the result of continuous research activities ...
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AAA (Azolla Active Acquired) has been produced during the last 10 years of intensive research to improve energy performance in internal combustion system. This product is used in vehicles or factories and reduce energy consumption of fossil fuels. In fact, AAA is the result of continuous research activities in relation to Gross Energy and Entropy in Ecosystems. This product was made by processing of organic materials and its effects on reducing fuel consumption in vehicles and different factories in industrial targets up to 20%, increased efficiency, increased torque and acceleration was approved. AAA as an additive (no colour no odour) in internal combustion system, is a liquid or solid organic material and produced under maximum concentration and high pressure. Therefore, AAA is used in internal combustion system as an organic condensation catalyst and improves combustion property of fuel. When AAA is added to internal combustion system, a unique thermodynamic behaviour is being occurred. In this regard, the electrostatic reaction between chemical components of fuel and AAA leads to changes in the final properties of the fuel, which is vitally important. In other words, AAA has a positive impact on vapour pressure increases and higher-octane fuel and at the same time, Air-Fuel Ratio on engine performance is improved.
Mohammad Afrough
Abstract
In the nomadic weaves, although the functional aspect was intended, its aesthetic aspect with a variety of native motifs, resulting from the birth of personal and collective beliefs, it is more prominent and as if the woven were a space for arousal, representation of imagination and emotion. the horse's ...
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In the nomadic weaves, although the functional aspect was intended, its aesthetic aspect with a variety of native motifs, resulting from the birth of personal and collective beliefs, it is more prominent and as if the woven were a space for arousal, representation of imagination and emotion. the horse's face is a representation of the nomadic weaving, and in particular the Qashqai, which provides a space for design and motif creation and companion native and natural colors are provided by the weaver. in this article, while briefly describing and introducing Qashqai woven fabrics, various types of horse coverings and ornaments, nomadic gullies, and in particular gashqai gullies in terms of weaving technique, structure and aesthetic dimensions, introducing, describing, and analyzing, 24 cover of horse were selected as the sample for this process. the results of the present study indicate that the cover of horse structure of all regions of Iran, regardless of some exceptions, follows a general form. while most of them are related to carpet weaving techniques woven has been with the carpet weaving technique ghalibori (Turkmennaghsh) or Gol Barjaste this
Vahid Shalchi; meysam mahdyar
Abstract
Nearly 9 decades have passed since the launch of the establishment and the extension of institution of sociology which has been both meaningful to the Lifeworld (Lebenswelt) of Iranian and has been effective on development programs (objective impact) in Iran. In recent years, when the water crisis in ...
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Nearly 9 decades have passed since the launch of the establishment and the extension of institution of sociology which has been both meaningful to the Lifeworld (Lebenswelt) of Iranian and has been effective on development programs (objective impact) in Iran. In recent years, when the water crisis in Iran has become more objective, the Institute of Humanities and especially Sociology In Iran has been a party to the discussion in the form of scientific and research articles and academic meetings and seminars. With these descriptions and for a accurate assessment of the relationship between sociology in Iran and the roots of water crisis, we can question of relationship of sociology of Iran with the problem of climate, nature and environment in general and the problem of water as a fundamental and vital element in Iranian's environment and society. In the present research we investigate the climatic and environmental implications of seven main approaches in researches of "sociology of iran" namely "Iranian tyranny, Iranian feudalism, functionalism, neo-functionalism, poststructuralism , critical school and ecology approach" and their relationships with roots of water crisis with Compare each other.
hossein mohammadzadeh; Fereydon Hossein panahi
Abstract
Smith job, forging, has a brilliant history in Sanandaj and its peripheral during the half past century. This job responds to the needs of the people of Sanandaj, Mariwan and Divandara. At the same time, some of the products have been exported to outside the province. This job has special structures, ...
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Smith job, forging, has a brilliant history in Sanandaj and its peripheral during the half past century. This job responds to the needs of the people of Sanandaj, Mariwan and Divandara. At the same time, some of the products have been exported to outside the province. This job has special structures, concepts, and process that with the entrance of the exogenous development, encounter challenges and slumps. nowadays few people engage in smith industrial and some concepts and professional words, technical jargons as a cultural trait are on the verge of destruction. The goal of this study is assessment of structures, concepts and process of smith job in last half century in Sanandaj. The research method is field research and data collection method was interviewing with Smithers and their family. Results shows that in last half century, smith, forging industry had enjoyed a considerable attention and protection by the governor and people. This jobs have fulfilled the needs of people in the city and rural regions. Some of Sanandaj smith production had been nail, knife, key lock, and special dirk. The attention to the local industries and updating them could act as a context for a real development.
AbouAli Vedadhir; Alma Ranjbar
Abstract
In the last few decades, the significance and emergence of environmental crises and discourses has led to the rise of a number of interdisciplinary studies and anthropologists, considering culture as the intersection of the environmental and the anthropological discourses, has addressed the environmental ...
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In the last few decades, the significance and emergence of environmental crises and discourses has led to the rise of a number of interdisciplinary studies and anthropologists, considering culture as the intersection of the environmental and the anthropological discourses, has addressed the environmental issues particularly water as the most vital element of the environment. In this view, water is at this time considered as one of the greatest challenges faced by the human societies in both natural resources and social justice. Anthropology with the holistic and inter-disciplinary and environmentally sustainable approach, provides an appropriate ground for studying various aspects, cultural meanings and crises of water, as it is reflected in its subject, i.e. culture. This study was conducted using the ethnographic methods including ethnographic interviews, participatory observations and collective interviews among three clans of Qashqai nomad groups in Fars Province of Iran. The findings of this study reveals that for Qashqai’s people, water is vital not only for living and environmental sustainability and livelihood, but also it is important from a wide variety of cultural, political, economic, psychological, vacation, legal and gender-related functions. Hence, Crisis in water has multiple implications for their live and for the cultural meanings of water.
Abdolazim Poya
Abstract
In lands where bread is the main food of their people, mills play a determinative role in organizing their lives, and for this reason, in the course of time, they are constantly updated and adapted to the requirements of the environment. Karizi mills in Yazd, especially in Meybod, ...
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In lands where bread is the main food of their people, mills play a determinative role in organizing their lives, and for this reason, in the course of time, they are constantly updated and adapted to the requirements of the environment. Karizi mills in Yazd, especially in Meybod, have evolved by the same mechanism. A clear example is Meybod Dousangi Mill which was created by using advanced karez technology in the desert environment. This mill, which is typically very specific, is located 40 meters underground and along the Qutbabad aqueduct. Dosangi mill which had been submerged by wind, soil, and floods in the desert for fifty years after the inefficient karez dried up, in 1999, by the help of elderly information, was recognized and registered as a national work.
asghar asgari khanegah; Atefeh bahadori Nejad
Abstract
Abstract Women's clothing has witnessed remarkable changes in history. Among all these coverings, chador bears a special significance. The developments that have rose as a result of changes in the form and usage of this covering has always been appealing to critics and researchers. This covering has ...
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Abstract Women's clothing has witnessed remarkable changes in history. Among all these coverings, chador bears a special significance. The developments that have rose as a result of changes in the form and usage of this covering has always been appealing to critics and researchers. This covering has represented its wearer's social, political, economic, and religious character; hence, researchers of different social sciences have always argued for or against this covering. This article explores the reasons as to why this covering witnessed changes, particularly in the past decade. It further demonstrates the developments and changes from a traditional chador to the modern forms. The present study was conducted in an academic environment (Islamic Azad University, Tehran Central Branch), and the subjects were students aged from 20 to 35. The research is conducted using qualitative methodology, direct observation, external sources (library deeds and documents), research tools (camera, tape recorder, etc.). The results of this anthropological look and field research show that during the past decade, change of chador patterns from its traditional form to modern has created new thoughts about this covering. The change of form and size of chadors reveals some secret layers in the thoughts of today’s women and girls. This has led some of them to feel sorry about and some other to feel proud of being a woman in the studied population. Though anthropology is not obliged to provide solutions and suggestions, we should not overlook the results of this research which is the overall opinion of women about chador or Islamic hijab. In this paper, the thoughts of functionalist theorists, particularly those of Beranislaw Malinowski are used. Despite the changes in Islamic covering, it can be said that women themselves are the main factors in such development.
sayyed Mohammad Chavoshi; jalaledin rafifar
Abstract
Gut, The Traditional Settlement in Sangesari clans in summer posture The aim of this article is not only to describe the material, technological and structural characteristics of sangesari tent but also to analyze its different spaces ecoculturally at the basis of an qualitative-field study in ethnographic ...
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Gut, The Traditional Settlement in Sangesari clans in summer posture The aim of this article is not only to describe the material, technological and structural characteristics of sangesari tent but also to analyze its different spaces ecoculturally at the basis of an qualitative-field study in ethnographic approach that is directed on nine sangesari nomadic pastoral clans who are still living in traditional manner. Our fields were camping period postures of the clans and beyond available documents the data were gathered via some ethnographic techniques such as fields three month attendance, simple direct observation, participatory observation and individual, group, open and semi structural interviews. Althought multioriented theoretically, this study concentrates mainly on environment and techniques as the most contributive factors in shaping cultures. thematically The findings include a fine description of material structure of tent, traditional techniques for construing the woolen cover of tent and ethnographical analysis of inner and surrounding different spaces of tent in relation to physical and cultural environments. Adding analytical cultural accounts to descriptional ones is an advantage of this study over the previous pure desciptional studies by other invistigators. The most important result of this study is that the technologies related to structing, settling and space dividing in inside and outsidesangesari tent are in a meaningful relationship to ecological characteristics and also to other cultural elements such as power, subsistency, family, labour division and kinship.
aman mohammad komaki; Abolfazl sharifiyan; Hossein barani
Abstract
The indigenous knowledge arises from reality of human life and experiences on the earth, which indeed stems from ancestors. They may have got this knowledge from their living directly and gather it experimentally. So they are specific for one ecosystem. The desert truffles are from a group of ...
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The indigenous knowledge arises from reality of human life and experiences on the earth, which indeed stems from ancestors. They may have got this knowledge from their living directly and gather it experimentally. So they are specific for one ecosystem. The desert truffles are from a group of edible mushrooms grow under the soil like tuber. Local people may find them in natural habitats in Iran and other different regions of Mediterranean climate. From old days these fungi are interesting and edible mushrooms for humankind. In recent years the tendency to these truffles has increased especially by many amateur groups and led them to grow those in orchards as a new activity. While there is an indigenous knowledge about them among local people, a little study is present about identification of different species of desert truffle in Iran. That is to say there are not significant scientific activities about these groups of fungi. Indigenous knowledge can be considered as a base of science. Actually the indigenous knowledge is full of many ideas and interesting case study and research should be done in this area. But the indigenous knowledge with its intrinsic talents progress through observing with the naked eye, without any instruments. The indigenous knowledge of desert truffles exactly separates the species of truffles and their special host plants. According to indigenous knowledge people could determine the location and time of growth of desert truffles. The indigenous knowledge understands the relation of evolution between desert truffle and their plant hosts. Today with research about the different aspects of fungi and symbiosis; especially with molecular methods, the scientists can understand the host specificity and evolution of truffles.
Reza Manouchehri Rad; Hesam ZandHesami; Ali Davari; Morteza Mousakhani
Abstract
Organizational resilience (OR) as a change capacity & adaptability to environmental challenges is a concept which has been considered by scholars in the last two decades. Cognitive Resilience (CR) as a prerequisite of OR is a mental process for remembering, understanding, analyzing ...
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Organizational resilience (OR) as a change capacity & adaptability to environmental challenges is a concept which has been considered by scholars in the last two decades. Cognitive Resilience (CR) as a prerequisite of OR is a mental process for remembering, understanding, analyzing and applying them for decision-making, problem-solving and responding to the environmental changes and it is important. Since previous researches have focused more on cognitive, behavioral & affective resilience’s what and why, the purpose of this research was to present an application pattern for answering to this question that how the level of organization’s CR could be changed by Iranian entrepreneurs’ indigenous knowledge (IK) based on dimensions and important indexes. This research is qualitative and narrative that its method is discourse analysis method based on in-depth interviews.The results of 10 established entrepreneurs’ living experience & 2 entrepreneurship researchers, who have had resilient experience in their work or business mentorship showed how entrepreneurs’ IK & conceptual knowledge based on the hierarchical property of systems theory, lead to cognitive innovation in three stages: A. Hard cognitive resilience includes sub-processes remembering & understanding; B. Soft cognitive resilience includes sub-processes application, analysis & evaluation; C. Conviction cognitive resilience includes sub-process innovation. Based on this finding, since the CR as an organizational behavior is a type of collective learning (such as adaptability & proactively), we suggested entrepreneurs analyze this important construct as an underlying assumption of organizational culture during business model reinventing for realizing OR.
hossein mohammadzadeh
Abstract
The typology of Kurdish work songs representative of social issues are parts of folklore social songs which are various. Types of social songs are work songs. Works songs are those that women and men sing during work, for work and in the memories of work. The purpose of this study is to classify ...
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The typology of Kurdish work songs representative of social issues are parts of folklore social songs which are various. Types of social songs are work songs. Works songs are those that women and men sing during work, for work and in the memories of work. The purpose of this study is to classify Kurdish work songs in one side and pay attention to social issues among it in other side. Theory of study rooted in folklore theories. Methods of study were documental and field interviews. Data which show changing of jobs is very profound, and many of work songs expose of changing and destroying. Work songs are the arts of in the everyday life and content of them are hope, pain and deficiency of life-hood. Some of this song singing during the work and some in free time. Most of songs belongs to traditions jobs, and we found only one proto-industrial song. Sometime singing by someone and sometime in group. The role of women in songs is very important, and some song only belongs to women works.
saeed abasimaram
Abstract
Fibulae are among the objects that were invented in the early Iron Age (1400 BC) and in the middle of this period(about 800 BC), it became common in different regions and its use by different cultures, in various forms and different applications has continued to this day. After the use of these Fibula ...
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Fibulae are among the objects that were invented in the early Iron Age (1400 BC) and in the middle of this period(about 800 BC), it became common in different regions and its use by different cultures, in various forms and different applications has continued to this day. After the use of these Fibula spread, these constructions were used in various ways, including for Connecting clothes, personal decoration, and in some cases as a talisman. The late Iron Age fibulae of Iran include a variety of types that were found during excavations of various settlement sites and cemeteries. Regarding the history, typology and applications of fibulae discovered from Iran, no comprehensive research has been done in Iran and the researches of Western archaeologists do not include the findings of recent decades. Therefore, there are ambiguities regarding the history of their use, typology, application and construction technique. The present study aims to introduce and study the history and typology of Iron Age fibulae in Iran and tries to achieve the desired goals through descriptive-analytical methods and library tools. The results show that fibulae, after being invented in the Mediterranean basin, gradually spread to other regions and in many cases replaced rod pins.
Loghman Shamsi; AbouAli Vedadhir; Hamidreza Farrokh-Eslamlou; Zohreh Anvari
Abstract
This article examines the concept of pain and its relief among Kurdish people living in Mukrian,, Kurdistan . The objective of this study is to examine indigenous and ethnic knowledge of pain and pain relief Kurdish people in Mukrian using the ethnographic research methods including narrative interviews, ...
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This article examines the concept of pain and its relief among Kurdish people living in Mukrian,, Kurdistan . The objective of this study is to examine indigenous and ethnic knowledge of pain and pain relief Kurdish people in Mukrian using the ethnographic research methods including narrative interviews, observation and Key Informant Interview. Multi-sources data obtained from prolonged engagement in the research filed (nine months) were analyzed using thematic narrative analysis and Miles and Huberman's flow model. The findings show that Despite the variety of local and traditional therapists in the Mukrian area, and the management of pain and disease using their own healing methods, pain as a difficult issue is unacceptable and personal to the Kurdish people, and they use the strategy of denial to express it, and this has been confirmed in most of the stories, narratives, and proverbs in the region. The environmental and geographical conditions of the Mukrian region provide a fertile ground for training strong and tireless people, and the culture that accompanies these conditions prevents any weakness and disability, so that people do not become weak in pain and disease as leaning against pain is not a symbol of masculinity.
hossein mohammadzadeh; nariman khundel; yaqhob ahmadi
Abstract
Iran does not only include various ethnic groups, but in inner of ethnic groups, is Multiplicity and varities. Part of Kurdish ethnity are auramies that residual In Hawramn region.the Goal of study is investigating social issues in the uraman folk songs. The statistical population includes the book (Songs ...
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Iran does not only include various ethnic groups, but in inner of ethnic groups, is Multiplicity and varities. Part of Kurdish ethnity are auramies that residual In Hawramn region.the Goal of study is investigating social issues in the uraman folk songs. The statistical population includes the book (Songs of Ahurai) which contains 4240 verses of folklore poetry of uraman region. The research method is qualitative content analysis of the entire text. The results of the research showed that the investigated social issues include: themes of suffering, love, environment, religious and political issues, family customs, conflict, economic issues, stratification, and industrial concepts…, and the quantitative frequency of these themes indicated that suffering themes had the highest percentage (29.72) and the lowest frequency percentage related to industrial concepts with (0.23) percent. The analysis of folklore songs shows that there is a dialectic between oral literature and social life and in the absence of official literature, oral literature carries the mission of reflecting the problems and happiness of the society.
Mohammad Afrough
Abstract
This article is the result of a field work written in connection with the documentation and introduction of the technical and aesthetic dimensions of the carpet of the village of Jiria as the most active area of weaving with about 500 active the loom framework in the central province. the texture quality ...
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This article is the result of a field work written in connection with the documentation and introduction of the technical and aesthetic dimensions of the carpet of the village of Jiria as the most active area of weaving with about 500 active the loom framework in the central province. the texture quality is the most important feature of the Jiriya carpet, which is one of the most important brands of Iranian carpets that unfortunately has not been recognized and introduced.in Jiriya, various designs are woven into three categories. A: Indigenous designs include larch and bergamot (do hashiye, lachak va toranj khorshidi, daayereii, afshan, beyzi va lozi), dastgahi(goldaste), broken mostofi and tabrizi. B. Non-native designs includes kheshti, ravari, zirkhaki, zellol Sultan and haft dervishes. C: Designs that are designed by contemporary designers and includes atlasi, mostofi monhani, farhang, oghabi, koumeei,morghe mahikhar ,takboteh and hajkhanoumi. this research is of fundamental type and research method is descriptive-analytic. The method of data collection is fieldwork.
