hossein barani; mohammadreza shahraki
Abstract
Anthropology has a special place as the science of culture and study of human interaction and accommodation with the environment. One of the most important discussion in the field of anthropology in knowing the culture of village and nomad societies is the study of their native knowledge and the method ...
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Anthropology has a special place as the science of culture and study of human interaction and accommodation with the environment. One of the most important discussion in the field of anthropology in knowing the culture of village and nomad societies is the study of their native knowledge and the method of their accommodation with the environment, nature and meeting their biological and non-biological needs in nature. Native knowledge refers to solutions that humans have achieved by experience in so many years for solving their problems based on the experience of their ancestors and which can be different in each region considering their specific conditions. Having recorded the native knowledge of the region, anthropologists make known the thoughts of animal farmers, shepherds and cameleers about their environment. The present paper studies the traditional method of camel husbandry and the native knowledge of cameleers in the grasslands of the North of Iran in Gomishan region. It also aims at knowing and detection of their common information and terminology about camel and camel husbandry. The region studied is the grasslands of Gomishan city o Golestan Province located 25 kilometers far away from the city. In this paper, the necessary information on camel husbandry method based on native knowledge is gathered through interview, observation, taking pictures and videos. The findings include the native knowledge about the cycle and calendar of the camel husbandry activities, camel herd grasslands, issues related to reproduction and delivery in camel, animals accompanying the herd, the status of camel herd, marking the animal and camel productions such as milk and its byproducts, wool and meat
amirhossein chitsaziyan; vahidreza joybari; alireza baharloo
Abstract
Kashan copper work is one of the old and traditional arts and crafts of this historic city which, like the most handcrafts of Kashan, has encountered unprecedented downturn over the years and lost its genuine position today. The main part of Kashan bazaar, which had once been devoted to copper workshops ...
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Kashan copper work is one of the old and traditional arts and crafts of this historic city which, like the most handcrafts of Kashan, has encountered unprecedented downturn over the years and lost its genuine position today. The main part of Kashan bazaar, which had once been devoted to copper workshops based on historical documents and artisans' and public recounting, is now transferred to a public place for trade and sale of ordinary and daily products. Today we can hardly find copper works or the skilful artisans of this industry. In the present research presented as a paper, the realm of traditional metalwork, especially copper is studied. The case study in this research is the historic bazaar of Kashan city as a valuable sample. This is a field and library research (documentary and content analysis) in which the reasons for stagnation of this industry are studied and essential solutions or suggestions are presented by emphasis on the obtained information and authenticated sources.
Fahimeh Alimirzaei; Amin Mohammadi Kalayeh; MohammadReza Shahraki
Abstract
Achievement to experiences and informed and non-documentary information is one of the valuable ways for recovering the traditions which are unconsciously threatened with destruction. The object of this research was identification of the medicinal plants using by nomads and collecting their information ...
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Achievement to experiences and informed and non-documentary information is one of the valuable ways for recovering the traditions which are unconsciously threatened with destruction. The object of this research was identification of the medicinal plants using by nomads and collecting their information about medicinal organs and how they are used, as well as diseases that can be treated with these plants, and in fact the study of ethnobotany and the ethno-pharmacology of medicinal plants using by nomads in the Chehel-Kaman rangeland. Registration of beliefs and Indigenous data of the nomads was conducted by interview in both places of residence in the nomads and participatory interviews at the habitat of the plants. The interviewees were selected by snowball method. At the same time, through participatory interviews and field surveys, plant species were collected to identify based on valid sources of botany. For each medicinal plant species, the scientific name, family, local name, medicinal organ, current therapeutic properties, as well as the method of preparation and use of herbal medicine were developed. Relative Frequency (RF (and Use Value (UV) for each medicinal plant were calculated. In the study area, 51 medicinal species belonging to 26 family were identified. The most populous plant families were Asteraceae and Lamiaceae with 7 and 6 species. The findings showed that the highest frequency of medicinal plants was used for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases (52.94%). The highest UV was belonged to Thymus Transcaspicus and Bunium persicum equal to 0.66. Considering the importance of Chehel-kaman rangeland medicinal plants, the results of this research can provide appropriate grounds for the development of phytochemical knowledge and the production of herbal medicines.
Hamidreza Saeedi; Hossein Arzani; Fatemeh Razaghi
Abstract
Achieving sustainable development and economic growth of the major goals of all the countries one of the main ways to achieve sustainable development in tribal communities sufficient attention to Indigenous knowledge nomads, especially women. On the basis of this study was to introduce the participant ...
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Achieving sustainable development and economic growth of the major goals of all the countries one of the main ways to achieve sustainable development in tribal communities sufficient attention to Indigenous knowledge nomads, especially women. On the basis of this study was to introduce the participant to describe and explain the role of indigenous knowledge in sustainable development should be Soleimani tribal women. The geographic scope of this research area is Kerman province. The qualitative research method, this method also conducted in-depth interviews and data collection, key questions have been raised about the knowledge of indigenous tribal women. The concluding remarks of the respondents indicate that tribal women Soleimani has an impressive knowledge in relation to the veterinary and animal diseases treatment, processed milk and milk products and handicrafts such as carpets, tent, mat mill Horberry, Mfrshv, Jajim and rugs are inspired by it can be taken in line with the sustainable development of grassland. In tribal societies, the continuous production of a direct relationship between producer and consumer and tribal women and girls as an essential pillar of the social structure and production units are considered nomadic and can achieve sustainable development in the range.
Farideh Majidi Khameneh
Abstract
The importance of Master of Arts as bearers of intangible cultural heritage and its protection is widely recognized by the international community.Optimal protection of them, as a guarantee of continued development of knowledge and skills and their transmission to younger generations is one of the major ...
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The importance of Master of Arts as bearers of intangible cultural heritage and its protection is widely recognized by the international community.Optimal protection of them, as a guarantee of continued development of knowledge and skills and their transmission to younger generations is one of the major concerns of today UNESCO and the Cultural Heritage Foundation.This study seeks to determine the problem of determining strategies for the protection and preservation of bearers of cultural heritage and using the experiences of other countries has compared the problem proposed in Iran.A case study was conducted in Kerman and about the Master of Arts of this city by purposeful sampling and by using ethnographic study and using interview techniques, their interpretation and extraction of sub-main and main themes. The results of this study confirm the important issue that in Iran, the issue of protection of the old bearers of cultural heritage is considered as a serious threat to the loss of local knowledge treasures due to the growing trend of aging and related issues. Effective strategies and strategies must be pursued with the cooperation of various institutions and cultural heritage, and threats must be turned into opportunities.
Samera Salimpour Abkenar
Abstract
The "color" element in an artwork can beautifully describe deep human thoughts, emotions, and feelings that may not be seen with the eyes. Therefore, the choice of the color palette type in an artwork can reveal the feelings, wishes, and pains of its creator. Hence, assessing the color palettes of artworks ...
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The "color" element in an artwork can beautifully describe deep human thoughts, emotions, and feelings that may not be seen with the eyes. Therefore, the choice of the color palette type in an artwork can reveal the feelings, wishes, and pains of its creator. Hence, assessing the color palettes of artworks can show the aesthetic aspect and the level of color knowledge of the creator of the work. In this research, the color palettes of three samples of traditional Baluch handwoven have been evaluated for the first time using the instrumental method of reflective spectroscopy and Itten's color theory. The results show that the colors identified in the handwoven were obtained by the traditional dyeing method and using local dye plants (Chaghak, Gol-gaz, Nash, Rodang...). In addition, the colorimetric data confirm the color knowledge of the Baluch people, because the color palette of these handwoven had the least amount of color changes over time. In addition, most of the colors used in these handwoven are "warm and pure" primary and secondary colors and they often follow Itten's "contrast and similar" harmony patterns.
ahmad bazgir; Manochehr Namiraniyan Manochehr Namiraniyan; mohammad avatefi
Abstract
Abstract The dominant tree species in forests of Lorestan province are Manna oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.), and local community has used this species in different cases. During the time, these uses have led to significant relation among local people and the forest. The relation is often based on experiences ...
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Abstract The dominant tree species in forests of Lorestan province are Manna oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.), and local community has used this species in different cases. During the time, these uses have led to significant relation among local people and the forest. The relation is often based on experiences and largely practical. The relation enables the communities to meet their needs in various aspects of life during the time. This study has demonstrated the tangible uses of Manna oak in local community in the Ceshmehali village of the Kakasharaf region of Khorramabad county, Lorestan province. The research method was ethnography and applying semi structured, non-structured interviews and participatory observation. Also Meter and Diameter tape were used for quantitative measurements. Actual uses were classified in 7 categories, Including: food, construction, medicine, handicraft, livestock, fuel, and agricultural uses. In some of the categories the amount of uses declined; and in others, such as livestock and fuel uses remained considerable.
Mohammad Ali Izadkhasti; Naser Haghshenas; asadollah Abdoli Ashtiyani
Abstract
Pângan or cup is made of copper or brass, and has a small hole at its bottom. It could be placed in a large container filled with water, and water from the cup hole to it in order to finally dip the cup. When the Pâng filled, it called one “Pâng”. This is the most ...
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Pângan or cup is made of copper or brass, and has a small hole at its bottom. It could be placed in a large container filled with water, and water from the cup hole to it in order to finally dip the cup. When the Pâng filled, it called one “Pâng”. This is the most traditional timeline for the Iranians, which undoubtedly has a lifetime of Qanat. The person who does this is called “Pângir” or “Pângu”, and the place is called the Pângkhaneh. Though Pângan and its terms have been important effect on the local cultures, but in the rural documents have been less paid. Indeed, how was the Pângu selected? How did the farmers know about their quota? When could they leave Pângkhaneh at some point? Where were the locations of them? And what were their uses? And how many Pângkhaneh are in the country now? What is the difference between a place to another place in their Pâng? How did Pâng and its number mention in the marriage certificate (focus on Borkhar area)? And can local and rural documents _marriage certificate, etc._ be a path for better understand the issues ahead? This research is based on references to library resources and authentic local and field documents, and oral interviews with local farmers and the latest Pângu, who once reminded the Pângir and remember something about it, and discover and observe the latest available Pângkhaneh.
Vahideh Mirfakhraey; samanian samad
Abstract
The focused investigation of the heritage values of sash in position of the most prominent element of traditional architecture is one of the topics that have received less attention. The purposeful recognition of the value in the protection of works such as sash, which has been exposed to the decay of ...
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The focused investigation of the heritage values of sash in position of the most prominent element of traditional architecture is one of the topics that have received less attention. The purposeful recognition of the value in the protection of works such as sash, which has been exposed to the decay of its existential characteristics due to the transformation of the contemporary human lifestyle, opens the way to evaluate interventions in order to avoid distorting its messages. So, this article has been written with the aim of recognizing and explaining the tangible and intangible values of Orosi in order to preserve and transfer them to future generations. Therefore, in response to these questions that What is the necessity of calculating sash values? and what are the many values that can justify the sash?, in a qualitative research in a descriptive and analytical way, information collected by searching sources and organizing them shows the value of cultural heritage in two groups: tangible and intangible. Based on that, relying on the authors' inferences and adapting the results to the case study, identifying tangible values: historical, technical, economic, functional, scientific and educational, uniqueness, antiquity, and intangible values: aesthetic, social, cultural, religious, emotional and symbolic.
bagher khaleghi
Abstract
Traditional knowledge is a part of the unique culture of each territory for environmental compliance, that has been achieved through experience and has become part of the social and productive culture of that society. Ethnobotany is the best possible way to study people's awareness of the numerous uses ...
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Traditional knowledge is a part of the unique culture of each territory for environmental compliance, that has been achieved through experience and has become part of the social and productive culture of that society. Ethnobotany is the best possible way to study people's awareness of the numerous uses of plants. This study examined the traditional ecological knowledge of local people on herbaceous and shrub plants that took place in forest villages of Arasbaran area, northwestern Iran. The human population studied in this research were villagers of Mishepareh, rural district located in Kaleybar County and west Manjovan, rural district located in Khodaafrin County of eastern Azarbayjan. In this study, we used qualitative data collection techniques such as unstructured interviews, semi-structured interviews, and participant observation. In total, 46 herbaceous and shrub species were detected with traditional medicinal uses. Local people's knowledge about medicinal plants includes ways to use, medicinal uses, proper harvest season, local distribution, processing methods and special parts used. In general, people in the study area have a rich knowledge in this field and ethno-botanist researchers are in need to record these treasures and prevent their loss and forgetfulness.
Vahid Rashidvash; Nahid Rezapoor
Abstract
Fuel has been one the necessary and inseparable needs of human from the beginning of collective living and habitation. After fire discovery and relying on fire for providing breads human beings discovered and used various fuels over time and after experiencing and using their sciences and also creating ...
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Fuel has been one the necessary and inseparable needs of human from the beginning of collective living and habitation. After fire discovery and relying on fire for providing breads human beings discovered and used various fuels over time and after experiencing and using their sciences and also creating different tools to apply fire. The residents of Dohezar and Sehezar rural districts, Khoramabad city, Tonekabon, Mazandaran were not exceptional too. The rural districts did not have accommodation because of their geographical and mountain locations; so they provided the necessary fuel by their experiences and natural facilities in living environment. In this study, we investigated and analyzed the used traditional and modern fuels and their effect on life style, social and economical relations through Malinowski functionalism theories and anthropological methods and principles including field research, intensive method , library studies and attending the mentioned districts for interviewing .The results indicated that providing and saving traditional fuels had institutionalized some customs and behaviors among the residents of Dohezar and Sehezar rural districts. Cooperation and companionship to provide the fuels were done based on unwritten rules.
Abstract
In order to preserve and save water consumption in the aqueduct irrigation system, there are countless unwritten and customary laws that require themselves to be extremely precise from Muqni to Mirab and Irrigator and the farmer.These laws were in place from the day the first construction of ...
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In order to preserve and save water consumption in the aqueduct irrigation system, there are countless unwritten and customary laws that require themselves to be extremely precise from Muqni to Mirab and Irrigator and the farmer.These laws were in place from the day the first construction of an aqueduct started, with the conditions until the sun went down and the aqueduct reached the manifestation, and even after that until it reached the drinking place. Only the observance of these criteria was subject to the conditions of time and place, for example, the determination of privacy, which was a criterion for preserving the rights of aqueduct owners. Even the passage of other aqueducts must be at a certain distance, and if they had to cross one aqueduct under another aqueduct, they had to follow certain conditions. In any case, the extracted water should not be wasted or penetrate other aqueducts. One of the drawbacks of the aqueduct is its uncontrollable and wasted water in winter, which farmers need less water, but contrary to the criticism of farmers, farmers have solutions for this. In the use of water, even those who owned a sufficient share of water did not have the right to use it outside a certain rule and in any way they wished. In traditional irrigation, water, especially in the smallholder system, is extremely valuable. Account circle is not out. Many, and perhaps all, of these customary rights were recognized in civil law and referred to custom in cases of dispute. However, the enforcement of these laws was more the custom and supervision of the people than the civil law, which punished the violators morally.
Indigenous Knowledge
ammar ahmadi; Vahid Rashidvash; Yaqub Sharbatian; ali Baseri; Mohammad Hadi Mansour Lakoraj
Abstract
The main objective of present research is to explore indigenous knowledge of traditional medicine within the beliefs of people, particularly rural women in the village of Alni, Meshkin Shahr. The methodology employed in this study is Malinowski's simultaneous analysis, interpreting narrative interviews ...
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The main objective of present research is to explore indigenous knowledge of traditional medicine within the beliefs of people, particularly rural women in the village of Alni, Meshkin Shahr. The methodology employed in this study is Malinowski's simultaneous analysis, interpreting narrative interviews through the hermeneutic method. In essence, these narratives serve as spoken documents, anthropologically analyzed and interpreted through hermeneutics. The distinctive contribution of this research lies in its scarcity, addressing the fundamental concern of the research team regarding the limited research output in the realm of indigenous knowledge of traditional medicine in Iran's rural communities. The outcome of this research underscores the development of the traditional medicine industry within the framework of its indigenous knowledge, contributing to addressing tourism-related issues and attracting tourism to rural areas, notably the village of Alni in Meshkin Shahr. Another pivotal consideration is the realization of economic benefits and social well-being for rural families, a crucial factor impacting the social fabric of this village.
Abstract
Saffron is echo type plant of Iran. Its cultivation, nutrition and drug applications and drug were known from ancient historical period. Iranian people have excellent indigenous knowledge about saffron. In Persian literature, saffron is symbol of expensive cost and the lover that abounded form his love. ...
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Saffron is echo type plant of Iran. Its cultivation, nutrition and drug applications and drug were known from ancient historical period. Iranian people have excellent indigenous knowledge about saffron. In Persian literature, saffron is symbol of expensive cost and the lover that abounded form his love. The botany and cultivation of saffron were noted in old agriculture manuscripts. Two time irrigation was advised for saffron. Mouse and rabbit are two pest of saffron based on old manuscripts. In traditional medicine book , saffron was effective in internal organs and caused happiness in psychological treatment. Dangerous saffron over dosage application In some texts warned.Saffron is echo type plant of Iran. Its cultivation, nutrition and drug applications and drug were known from ancient historical period. Iranian people have excellent indigenous knowledge about saffron. In Persian literature, saffron is symbol of expensive cost and the lover that abounded form his love. The botany and cultivation of saffron were noted in old agriculture manuscripts. Two time irrigation was advised for saffron. Mouse and rabbit are two pest of saffron based on old manuscripts. In traditional medicine book , saffron was effective in internal organs and caused happiness in psychological treatment. Dangerous saffron over dosage application In some texts warned.
Indigenous Knowledge
Seyed Ali Mazinani; Seyyed Mohammad-Reza Mazinani
Abstract
Considering the maritime culture of the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf and Bushir’s people reveals a full geographic, economic, and demographic marine cycle. The cycle is integrated into a greater geographic area extended from the Red Sea to the South China Sea and starched back well into ...
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Considering the maritime culture of the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf and Bushir’s people reveals a full geographic, economic, and demographic marine cycle. The cycle is integrated into a greater geographic area extended from the Red Sea to the South China Sea and starched back well into millennia. The main problem to this survey is the ways through which that maritime culture led to shape a specific form of dispositions, system of knowledge, lived experiences, information network. Accordingly, the present article will discuss Bushir people’s dispositions at first. Afterwards it will depict their information network through following categories, navigation, oceanography, marine goods knowledge, pearl hunting, and ship-making industries. Data collecting process in this text is library-based and, meanwhile, data analyzing will be subjected to a descriptive-explicative method. It is supposed that the present text elucidates successfully the maritime network and heritage of Bushehr in the both technical features and its impacts on the social life of that littoral population.
Yaghoub Iranmanesh; Mehdi Pourhashemi; Hasan Jahanbazi Goujani; Abouzar Heidari Safari Kouchi
Abstract
For this purpose, a total of 50 interviews were conducted and the information received was documented by writing commentary points and recording audio and video .Then, data analysis was performed using content analysis methods. According to the results of the research, the traditional charcoal extraction ...
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For this purpose, a total of 50 interviews were conducted and the information received was documented by writing commentary points and recording audio and video .Then, data analysis was performed using content analysis methods. According to the results of the research, the traditional charcoal extraction steps include digging a trapezoidal charcoal kiln, cutting wood into trees and arranging them in the kiln, installing a chimney at the inlet and outlet, covering the wood surface with Dried leaves, covering the leaf insulation with soil, lighting the charcoal furnace by fire and closing its opening, turning the wood into charcoal in a certain time, cooling the charcoal furnace and unloading and loading. Due to the lack of a well-codified and up-to-date source of traditional charcoal method in the available sources, the present study is a pioneer in terms of paying attention to this indigenous knowledge and its results, in addition to recording local knowledge of charcoal production, used it in teaching the method of application of wood waste from dried, blown or pruned trees, especially emphasized in garden ecosystems.
golfam Sharifi
Abstract
AbstractMorshedi is the art of percussion and singing epic songs in Zurkhaneh. Percussion puts a lot of pressure on the body for many years. In the present study, in addition to introducing some diseases that Zurkhaneh mentors are infected with, Provide information on the prevention and treatment of ...
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AbstractMorshedi is the art of percussion and singing epic songs in Zurkhaneh. Percussion puts a lot of pressure on the body for many years. In the present study, in addition to introducing some diseases that Zurkhaneh mentors are infected with, Provide information on the prevention and treatment of these diseases based on popular medical knowledge.Data presented based on the author's field research and in-depth interviews with veteran Morshan, zurkhaneh owners, manufacturers of ancient sports equipment, ancient athletic sport equipment and attendance at zurkhanehs during 2016 and 2017 has been obtained in Tehran province.In this study, four main diseases are introduced that mentors are exposed to. These four diseases are: larynx, kidney, hearing loss and skin discomfort in the hand area.After introducing the four main diseases of Zurkhaneh mentors, we came to the conclusion that so far no independent research has been done on the diseases of Zurkhaneh mentors and only in some sources is the occurrence of skin diseases among them mentioned.Keywords: Morshed- Zurkhaneh- Ancient Athletic Sport- diseases.
hosain kaffash; mostafa taleshi; hosain rahimi
Abstract
Models of rural development in the country, most of the imported versions, have been neglected by the "indigenous knowledge"of rural communities. Indigenous knowledge is a collection of skills and techniques, a knowledge that includes all the characteristics and sustainability of development. One of ...
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Models of rural development in the country, most of the imported versions, have been neglected by the "indigenous knowledge"of rural communities. Indigenous knowledge is a collection of skills and techniques, a knowledge that includes all the characteristics and sustainability of development. One of the most important rural organizations, is the "traditional irrigation system", which managed to manage the water resources of the centuries with the use of "indigenous knowledge". The main question is whether indigenous knowledge can be used as a sustainable model in the Conditions of the water crisis. This research has examined the local knowledge of traditional irrigation in the city of Bojistan by descriptive-analytical method. The method of data collection, field and library, and villages over 100 households in the city have been studied for the sustainability of water resources. The results of the research showed that the use of indigenous knowledge in water resources management has been able to minimize the problems caused by seasonal changes in temperature and its impact on the water resources deficit in the research area. This approach to water resources sustains the participation of villagers in traditional irrigation systems, and a network interconnected by human factors (agricultural council, Moallefan, kayyal, Joybanan, Moghanian and Motorban)and conventional irrigation organizations (changes in irrigation circuits throughout the year, spatial changes, and Time split and combination of triangular aqueducts). Research indicates that "indigenous knowledge"is a lost circle of sustainable rural development,which,if utilized with "modern knowledge",while empowering rural communities, provides the background for their partnership and development
mohsen mirjaniarjenan; reza rezaloo; Karim Hajizadeh Bastani; Alireza Sardari Zarchi
Abstract
producing of black style pottery in Al-Muzaffar period was a logical proceeding and answered to needs of dynamic and nesting social system. This city due to political and cultural centrality and its economic advantages reached to such a degree of progress that has diverse occupations and populations. ...
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producing of black style pottery in Al-Muzaffar period was a logical proceeding and answered to needs of dynamic and nesting social system. This city due to political and cultural centrality and its economic advantages reached to such a degree of progress that has diverse occupations and populations. community of Meybod potters named as "Koi Fakharan" have a social identity. This community because of kinship and production focus on adjacent old market and along the central mosque has a specific location. Transfer and continuity of indigenous knowledge of pottery has the form of a native and oral culture. Word prevalence and native and nomination for all pottery production processing is considered as a part of job dignity and identity in this profession. Existence of natural gifts of quality mineral clay has played an role in continuity and localization of pottery art to this day. Skillful potters have knowledge on region's organic and mineral matters and due to this knowledge and by fully innate and methods produce paint and glaze to cover the surface of potteries. All motifs and templates used to painting and drawing of pottery is a reflection of climate and social relationship of Meybod. Research methodology of this article is field study by approach of anthropology and based on artifact data of archeological study and oral conversation with workmen and local people. The outcome of this study is provided a perfect image of black style pottery in Meybod, methods of raw materials processing and all stages of pottery producing.
nahid jafari dehkordi; Ehsan zarei farsani; Maryam Ghasemi
Abstract
This paper aims to identify, describe and analyze the effective factors in creating visual order in Jiroft soapstone works based on documentary studies and with the aim of identifying different types of painted works. Accordingly, the authors try to answer the question with documentary studies and descriptive-analytical ...
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This paper aims to identify, describe and analyze the effective factors in creating visual order in Jiroft soapstone works based on documentary studies and with the aim of identifying different types of painted works. Accordingly, the authors try to answer the question with documentary studies and descriptive-analytical method in order to answer the question: Artist or craftsman of Halilrood archaeological site, heir or founder of which artistic experience? Since the designs performed on these works are ultimately designed and executed in beauty, balance, fit and balance, it can be assumed that their creators, in addition to being aware of the artistic application of lines and designs, also have little knowledge of visual knowledge and basics in the field. Findings show that engineering and visual understanding of elements at the level of objects, in the direction of structural interaction of their line and role, and achieving unity in works of art has been one of the most important goals of their construction. The artist / craftsman of Halilrood has a relatively clear knowledge of his work as a work of art and has tried to create a relationship between design and background, perspective, diversity and statism by repeating figures and elements.
amir saberi; ismaiel karami dehkordi
Abstract
In the course of realization of constant development of villages with people-based orientation aiming at their empowerment, the native knowledge is the most significant part of development in terms of local beliefs, values, methods and knowledge. Experience shows that not only is the native knowledge ...
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In the course of realization of constant development of villages with people-based orientation aiming at their empowerment, the native knowledge is the most significant part of development in terms of local beliefs, values, methods and knowledge. Experience shows that not only is the native knowledge not inconsistent with the official one, but it can also complement it. Native knowledge is accessible, comprehensible, efficient, and inexpensive and is transmitted orally. This knowledge has been dynamic, has completed in nature and local communities, is consistent with native and regional conditions and has helped villagers in stable management of water-yielding places so that they would have more active role in development of natural sources. The present study aims at evaluating the level of knowledge of villagers in the field of water and soil protection technology. The data are gathered through using focused groups, interviews, questionnaires along with participation of experts of water-yielding areas of Shahid Rajaie Yanser, Mazandaran Province. The findings show that the primary living facilities in most villages under study are at an average level and that villages in different areas have various climate and weather. Also, the heavy dependence of villagers on natural sources and limitations in family income sources has led to pressurizing and destruction of natural sources. Experts consider destruction of jungles and grasslands, floods, decrease in water sources and shortage of water supply, soil erosion, accumulation of sediments behind dams and destruction of river edges as the most important crises related to natural sources. They believe that utilizers should have great skill and knowledge when it comes to occurrence, reasons and significance of such crises and also significance of operations of water-yielding utilization and its protection. This paper reveals that evaluations and prioritizations of experts are quite different from the evaluations made based on popular knowledge. In many cases the knowledge and information of people about ecosystems and species they are in contact with are less than what is really there. Therefore, the most important educational prioritization should deal with native knowledge and establishment of interaction between the native and official knowledge. In the world industrialization process, agricultural section, especially in the third world has witnessed the most damages, because native methods have left their once tried experience.
mohammad saeed janebollahi
Abstract
This article study condition of some traditional industries during a historical period in which the society was closure and had restricted communication with its outsiders. In such a self-sufficient society, there was bartering instead of exchanging money, limited division of labor, overlapped ...
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This article study condition of some traditional industries during a historical period in which the society was closure and had restricted communication with its outsiders. In such a self-sufficient society, there was bartering instead of exchanging money, limited division of labor, overlapped occupations. However there was a kind of division of labor among different villages of Meibod, women participation in various activities due to their husbands' jobs. Even children had their own roles in economic cycle. Social solidarity was so high that there couldn't find a criminal case in the court.
Seyyed Arman Hosseini Abbariki; Halalah Amini
Abstract
One of the types of literature and folk music's is the songs and melodies that are composed for a certain profession or that spoken by the masses of people while performing activities and works. One of the types of literature and folk music's is the songs and melodies that are composed for a certain ...
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One of the types of literature and folk music's is the songs and melodies that are composed for a certain profession or that spoken by the masses of people while performing activities and works. One of the types of literature and folk music's is the songs and melodies that are composed for a certain profession or that spoken by the masses of people while performing activities and works These songs express the thoughts of pure-hearted and simple-living people that music and poetry have penetrated their lives, even while working. Examples of such songs can also be found in the culture of Kermanshah Kurds, therefore, in this essay, which is done with analytical-descriptive method, the authors are trying to explain moreover the place of work and effort among Kurds, and also studying the poems that are composed for a specific profession or during an activity are common of the Kurdish people of Kermanshah. Among the different types of work songs, lullabies, milking poems are more common and have been remembered from the memory of Kurdish women.
Hosein Raie
Abstract
The geography of Iran is a haven of historical farmsteads with specific physical and functional characteristics. These small bio-complexes have a fixed population and physical structures related to agriculture and settlement, and they grew and developed in the centre of Iran from before Islam to the ...
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The geography of Iran is a haven of historical farmsteads with specific physical and functional characteristics. These small bio-complexes have a fixed population and physical structures related to agriculture and settlement, and they grew and developed in the centre of Iran from before Islam to the Zand and Qajar periods and then reached a low point in the Pahlavi period. The moot point of the research is the need to know more about the nature of historical residential farmsteads. Many farmsteads, including buildings related to them, are subject to destruction. The purpose of the research is to obtain more information about the locality of farmsteads in the geographical arrangement of Iran, and to this end, the interpretive approach and historical interpretive strategy are used in the form of document research and field studies. According to the study findings, residential farmsteads, as the infinitesimal living complexes, were a subcategory of villages, acting independently or subordinately, and were considered a part of Iran's geographical system. Physical, agricultural and customary areas are their three significant influencers. The physical and agricultural zone is compared to the farmstead's core zone, while the customary area is equivalent to its buffer zone.
Indigenous Knowledge
fateme moradi; mofid shateri; javad mekaniki
Abstract
For a long time, the limitation of water resources in Iran has made it mandatory to invent and create suitable methods to increase the efficiency of water use in rural communities, because water is one of the main pillars of sustainable growth and development of rural communities. An analysis based on ...
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For a long time, the limitation of water resources in Iran has made it mandatory to invent and create suitable methods to increase the efficiency of water use in rural communities, because water is one of the main pillars of sustainable growth and development of rural communities. An analysis based on documents, preparation of a researcher-made questionnaire, field visit and conducting in-depth interviews in accordance with the experiences, knowledge and insights of the interviewees in relation to the unknown and undiscovered indigenous knowledge in the field of water resources management of rural communities in Shaskoh District, Zirkoh County. The results of this research show the efficiency of traditional approaches and local management system of water resources.The results of this research show the efficiency of traditional approaches and local management system of water resources. The results of the research showed that the local users in the categories of irrigation, storage management, consumption and distribution of water use different eco-compatible methods. In the qualitative part of this knowledge It is valuable to start from the identification stage and based on that, the effectiveness of each of the methods was examined from the benefiting community, .
